AMD  THEI 


BRARY 

^fcRsrrf  OF 


THE  PILGRIMS 
AND  THEIR  MONUMENT 


Jvr. 


THE    PILGRIM    MEMORIAL   MONUMENT 


THE   PILGRIMS 

AND  THEIR   MONUMENT 


BY 


EDMUND   J.   CARPENTER,   Litt.D. 

AUTHOR  OF 

"AMERICA   IN   HAWAII,"    "ROGER  WILLIAMS," 

"long  ago   IN  GREECE,"    ETC. 


ILLUSTRATED 


D.    APPLETON   &   CO.,   PUBLISHERS 
NEW  YORK  MCIVIXIX 


Copyright,  1911,  by 
D.  APPLETON  AND  COMPANY 


Printed  in  the  United  States  of  America 


CONTENTS 


I.     THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

Origin  of  the  Separatist  movement — The  Act  of  Supremacy 
— Henry  VIII  repudiates  the  control  of  the  Pope — 
Separatist  gatherings  by  night — Accession  of  Eliza- 
beth— Robert  Browne — He  becomes  a  dissenter — He 
is  banished  to  Holland — The  Separatists  in  Holland — 
Execution  of  Copping  and  Thacker — Austerfield  and 
Scrooby — Fotheringay  Castle — Historic  memories  of 
the  Scrooby  country — William  Brewster — His  home  in 
Scrooby — He  is  secretary  to  Davison — Fall  of  Davison 
— Execution  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots — Its  effect  on  the 
Separatist  movement — Brewster  appointed  postmaster 
— William  Bradford — His  birth  and  education  at  Aus- 
terfield— Church  of  St.  Helen — Gainsborough  and  its 
Separatist  company — Death  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and 
accession  of  James — James  passes  through  Scrooby — 
His  attitude  toward  the  Separatists — Decree  of  banish- 
ment— Migration  to  Holland — Scrooby  Separatists  de- 
tected— They  plan  their  flight  to  Holland — Migration 
forbidden — Scrooby  company  attempt  their  escape — 
Overtaken  and  imprisoned — They  make  another  at- 
tempt and  finally  succeed — Their  life  in  Holland. . .      1-19 

II.  THE  VOYAGE  OF  THE  MAYFLOWER 

The  Pilgrims  resolve  to  leave  Holland  and  emigrate  to  the 
New  World — Reasons  for  this  resolve — They  journey 
to  Delfthaven — Embark  in  the  Speedwell — Reach 
Southampton — The  Mayflower  and  Speedwell  set  sail 

V 


CONTENTS 

— John  Alden — The  destination  of  Virginia — The 
Speedwell  discovered  to  be  leaking — They  put  back 
into  Plymouth — The  Speedwell  declared  unseaworthy 
and  abandoned — The  Mayflower  again  sets  sail — Beset 
with  storms — The  vessel  badly  strained — Repaired 
with  difficulty — Great  length  of  voyage — Cape  Cod 
sighted — The  Mayflower  turns  south — Encounters  shoal 
water — She  puts  about — Enters  Cape  Cod  Harbor.     20-27t 

III.     THE    LANDFALL   AT    CAPE    COD 

The  Mayflower  drops  anchor  in  Cape  Cod  Harbor — Wins- 
low's  description  of  the  harbor — Health  of  the  company 
— Trouble  anticipated  from  malcontents — The  Com- 
pact drawn  and  signed — The  Pilgrims  make  their  land- 
ing— Cottages  erected — Repairs  to  shallop  necessary — 
The  place  unsuited  for  settlement — They  resolve  to 
explore  the  country — Miles  Standish  and  his  company 
set  out — They  see  the  first  Indians — The  bivouac — 
They  discover  a  spring  of  water — They  find  a  cache  of 
corn — Corn  Hill  named — The  second  bivouac — Drown- 
ing of  Dorothy  Bradford — The  second  expedition  sets 
out — Graves  and  dwellings  of  natives — The  expedi- 
tion returns  to  the  ship — Birth  of  Peregri;ie  White — 
Oceanus  Hopkins  born  during  the  voyage — The  third 
expedition  sets  out — Wellfleet  Harbor  discovered — At- 
tack by  Indians — Plymouth  Harbor  discovered — The 
rest  on  Clarke's  Island — Plymouth  Harbor  explored — 
The  Pilgrims  return  to  the  ship  and  bring  the  May- 
flower to  Plymouth 28-37 

IV.     THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

Inception  of  a  movement  for  a  commemorative  monument — 
Tablet  placed  on  Town  Hill,  Provincetown — The  proj- 
ect for  a  monument  feebly  revived — An  organization 
formed — The  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association 

vi 


CONTENTS 

chartered — Its  first  officers — Meeting  of  the  Pilgrim 
Club  of  Brewster — Captain  Sears  advocates  renewed 
activity  in  the  project — A  general  meeting  called — 
List  of  those  present — New  life  infused  in  the  plan  for 
a  monument — The  by-laws  of  the  Association  modified 
— Rapid  movement  of  the  plan — Interest  of  the  Com- 
monwealth solicited — Summit  of  Town  Hill,  Province- 
town,  deeded  to  the  Association — Hearing  before  the 
Ways  and  Means  Committee  of  the  General  Court  at 
Boston — An  appropriation  of  $25,000  granted — Efforts 
to  raise  money  for  the  building  fund — Provincetown 
contributes  $5,000 — Fifty  thousand  dollars  in  hand  in 
July,  1905 — Captain  Sears  elected  president  of  the  As- 
sociation— Some  large  contributors — An  appeal  to  the 
Congress — Energy  of  Captain  Sears — Terms  of  the  act 
— Hearing  before  the  Committee  on  Library — Remarks 
of  Captain  Sears  and  H.  H.  Baker — Passage  of  the  Act 
of  Congress — An  appropriation  of  $40,000 — Success  of 
the  project  assured — Officers  of  Association  for  IQO? — 
Grand  Lodge  of  Masons  in  Massachusetts  invited  to  lay 
corner  stone — President  Roosevelt  invited  to  make  ad- 
dress— Work  begun  on  foundation  of  monument — 
Description  of  foundation — The  corner  stone  pro- 
vided          38-61 

V.  THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 
Plans  for  laying  the  corner  stone — Arrival  of  President 
Roosevelt  at  Provincetown,  in  the  Mayflower — Battle- 
ships in  the  harbor — Reception  of  the  President — De- 
scription of  the  scene  in  harbor  and  on  shore — The 
Grand  Lodge  delayed — Address  of  President  Sears — 
Address  of  Governor  Guild — Address  of  President 
Roosevelt — Address  of  Ambassador  Bryce — Address  of 
Senator  Lodge — Address  of  Congressman  Lovering — 
Ceremony  of  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  by  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Masons — Address  of  William  B,  Lawrence — 

vii 


CONTENTS 

Dinner  at  the  Town  Hall — Remarks  of  Dr.  R.  Perry 
Bush — Departure  of  President  Roosevelt — Remarks  of 
Ambassador  Bryce   62-148 

VI.     THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

Memorial  stones  received  from  Austerfield,  England,  and 
from  Holland — The  commission  for  erecting  the  monu- 
ment— A  design  selected — Proposals  invited — The  con- 
tract awarded — The  specifications  analyzed — The  first 
stone  laid — Witnesses  present — Memorial  stones  laid — 
The  first  season's  work — Renewal  of  the  work — The 
final  stone  laid — Description  of  the  structure — The  in- 
terior of  the  monument — The  final  blows  struck. . .      149-164 

VII.     THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

The  day  fixed  for  the  dedication  of  the  structure — President 
Taft  accepts  an  invitation  to  make  an  address — The 
preparations — The  Atlantic  fleet  in  the  harbor — List  of 
war  vessels — Prayer  by  Rev.  James  De  Normandie — 
Dr.  Griffis's  hymn — Remarks  of  President  Sears — Ad- 
dress of  Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot — Address  of  Jonkeer 
Van  Weede — Address  of  Senator  Lodge — Remarks  of 
Hon.  William  B.  Lawrence — Mrs.  Hemans's  poem  sung 
— Address  of  Hon.  James  T.  McCleary — Address  of 
Governor  Draper — Address  of  President  Taft — Unveil- 
ing of  the  tablet — Inscription  on  the  tablet — Remarks 
of  Henry  H.  Baker — Close  of  the  exercises — Dinner  at 
Town  Hall — Guests  at  the  tables — Remarks  of  How- 
land  Davis — Remarks  of  Harry  A.  Cushing — Remarks 
of  Lieutenant-Governor  Frothingham — Remarks  of 
President  Taft — Personnel  of  the  citizens'  committee — 
Ball  and  illumination — Some  incidents  of  the  building 

operations — Obituary — The    lodge 165-262 

Statement  of  Receipts  and  Expenditures 265 

Members  of  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Asso- 
ciation         266-310 

viii 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PACING 
FAQB 


The  Pilgrim  Memorial  Monument    .        .     Frontispiece 
William  the   Silent Q 

Edward  Winslow,  Governor  of  Plymouth,  16S3,  1636, 

1644 20 

The  Embarkation  at  Delfthaven 24 

{From  the  painting  by  Robert  W.  Weir  in  the  Capitol  at 
Washington) 

The  Pilgrims  Sighting  the  Highlands  of  Cape  Cod   .        26 
(From  a  mural  painting   by  Henry  Oliver   Walker  in  the 
Massachusetts  State  House,  Boston) 

The   Signing  of   the    Compact   in  the    Cabin   of   the 

Mayflower 30 

(From  the  painting  by  T,  H.  Matteson) 

The  First  Pilgrim  Spring 32 

Corn    Hill 36 

J.  Henry  Sears,  President  of  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim 

Memorial   Association 50 

Directors  of   the   Cape  Cod  Pilgrim   Memorial   Asso- 
ciation     .56 

Directors  of   the   Cape  Cod   Pilgrim   Memorial  Asso- 
ciation     60 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  President  of  the  United  States       62 

The  U.S.S.  "  Mayflower  " 64 

ix 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


FACINO 
PAQE 


The  Laying  of   the    Corner   Stone   of   the    Pilgrim 

Monument 68 

Reverend  Samuel  A.  Eliot 70 

Curtis  Guild,  Jr.,  Governor  of  Massachusetts     .        .        72 

Rt.    Hon.    James    Bryce,    British    Ambassador    to    the 

United   States 94 

The  Pilgrim  Monument  in  Construction:  The  Corner 

Stone  in  Place Il6 

William  B.  Lawrence 128 

The  Pilgrim  Monument  in  Construction:  Laying  the 

First  Stone  after  the  Corner  Stone   .        .        .138 

The    Pilgrim    Monument    in    Construction:    40    Feet 

Above  the  Base 150 

Lieutenant-Colonel  Edward  Burr,  U.S.A.,  Engineer 

— WiLLARD  T.  Sears,  Consulting  Architect        .      154 

The   Pilgrim    Monument   in   Construction:    164    Feet 

Above  the  Base 156 

Laying  of  the  Last  Stone  on  the  Top  of  the  Pil- 
grim  Monument l60 

Patrick  T.  Maguire,  Contractor  and  Builder — W. 
A.  Clark,  Government  Inspector  —  Frederic 
George,  Foreman  of  Masonry  Work      .        .        .162 

The    Pilgrim    Monument   During  the    Ceremonies   of 

Dedication l66 

President    Sears    and    Governor    Draper     Receiving 

President  Taft 168 

The  Rev.  James  De  Normandie,  D.D 170 

The  Dedication  of  the   Pilgrim  Monument  .        .        .174 

Charles    W.    Eliot,    LL.D.,    President    Emeritus    of 

Harvard  University 176 

X 


LIST    OF    ILLUSTRATIONS 


rAcma 

PAOB 


JoNKHEER  H.  M.  Van  Weede,  Secretary  of  the  Neth- 
erlands Legation 206 

Henry    Cabot    Lodge,    United    States    Senator    for 

Massachusetts 210 

James  T.  McCleary,  Member  of  Congress  from   Min- 
nesota      224 

Eben  S,  Draper,  Governor  of   Massachusetts       .        .      238 

William  H.  Taft,  President  op  the  United  States   .     242 

Miss  Barbara  Hoyt  Unveiling  the  Dedication  Tablet 

of  the  Pilgrim  Monument 244 

The  Lodge  Adjoining  the  Pilgrim  Monument     .        .     260 


THE  PILGRIMS  AND  THEIR 
MONUMENT 


THE   ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

WHO  were  the  people  known  as  the  Pilgrims 
to  whose  memory  is  erected  a  lofty  tower 
on  the  hill  at  Provincetown?  Whence  did 
they  come,  and  why  did  they  emigrate  to  this  then 
barren  shore?  For  nearly  two  centuries  these  ques- 
tions could  not  be  satisfactorily  answered,  and  not 
until  about  fifty  years  ago  was  the  mystery  of  their 
former  home  revealed.  In  the  middle  of  the  last  cen- 
tury a  long-lost  manuscript  book  was  discovered  in 
the  library  of  the  Bishop  of  London.  This  was  the 
history  of  the  Plantation  at  Plymouth,  written  by 
Governor  Bradford,  which,  at  about  the  time  of  the 
American  Revolution,  disappeared  from  a  library  of 
books  kept  in  the  tower  of  the  Old  South  Church  in 
Boston.  Its  discovery  in  London  revealed  much  of 
hidden  history.  It  was  copied  in  manuscript  and  pub- 
lished in  this  country  and  eagerly  read  by  historical 
students.  In  May,  1897,  the  original  manuscript  vol- 
ume was  presented  to  the  Commonwealth  of  Massa- 

1 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

chusetts  by  the  Consistory  Court  of  the  Diocese  of 
London,  and  placed  in  the  State  Library,  in  the  State 
House,  in  Boston. 

The  true  history  of  the  Pilgrims  is  the  history  of 
Separatism  in  England,  that  great  politico-religious 
movement  of  the  sixteenth  century,  whose  rise  may  be 
said,  perhaps,  to  have  had  its  inception  in  the  earlier 
religious  movement  in  Europe  known  as  the  Refor- 
mation. The  sixteenth  century,  not  merely  in  Eng- 
land, but  throughout  Europe,  was  a  transitional  era, 
in  which  the  mind  of  man  seemed  about  to  burst  the 
shackles  of  medisevalism  and  break  forth  into  a  new 
day.  It  was  the  beginning  of  a  struggle  for  religious 
freedom,  a  struggle  mighty  in  its  force  and  which 
could  not  be  stayed  until  victory  should  come. 

And  yet  the  sentiment  of  freedom  in  religious 
thought  did  not  spring  forth  full  fledged  at  the  dawn 
of  the  Reformation.  It  had  had  its  true  beginning 
centuries  before,  even  as  early  as  the  year  702,  when, 
at  the  great  synod  held  at  Austerfield,  King  Alfred 
and  the  bishops  of  the  realm  defied  the  edict  of  the 
pope,  deposed  Wilfred,  Bishop  of  York,  and  prac- 
tically declared  the  independence  of  England  of  the 
control  of  the  Bishop  of  Rome.  Still  later,  in  the 
twelfth  century,  a  company  of  Worcester  weavers 
were  driven  out  of  the  city  to  perish,  as  a  penalty  for 
having  presumed  to  assert  a  right  to  independent 
thought. 

And  so,  as  years  went  on  and  the  tiny  seed  thus 

2 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

sown  began  to  germinate,  English  authorities  began 
to  discover  a  sentiment  of  unrest  within  their  domains 
until,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  the  tree  had  become 
a  vigorous  growth.  In  1534  the  Act  of  Supremacy 
severed  the  Church  of  England  from  the  See  of 
Rome,  and  the  contest  in  which  Separation  had  its 
rise  was  fully  on. 

Henry  VIII.,  to  be  sure,  had  a  reason  more  per- 
sonal than  political  or  religious,  for  his  repudiation 
of  the  control  of  the  pope  in  his  realm.  And  yet, 
although  the  Act  of  Supremacy  was  but  a  means  to 
an  end,  it  was  but  the  logical  culmination  of  a  move- 
ment which,  as  we  have  seen,  had  its  actual  rise  cen- 
turies before.  The  people  of  England,  broken  loose 
from  the  bonds  of  Rome,  now  found  themselves,  as  it 
were,  floating  in  a  tumultuous  sea  of  religious  thought, 
in  which  the  politics  of  the  day  and  the  sentiment  of 
sovereignty  were  inextricably  intermingled.  There 
were  many  who  were  reaching  out  into  still  broader 
fields  of  thought,  whom  the  establishing  of  the  Eng- 
lish Church  and  the  sundering  of  the  shackles  of 
Roman  control  did  not  serve  to  satisfy;  and  these 
began  soon  to  be  known  as  Separatists. 

After  the  death  of  Henry  and  the  accession  of  his 
daughter  Mary,  the  daughter  also  of  Katherine  of 
Aragon,  the  dictates  of  prudence  required  secrecy  in 
independent  worship.  The  gatherings  of  the  faith- 
ful, during  these  troublous  times,  were  necessarily  at 
night  and,  for  the  most  part,  in  private  houses,  where 

3 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

were  taught  those  doctrines  which  won  for  many  a 
martyr's  death. 

When  this  hideous  period  had  passed,  and  Eliza- 
beth had  ascended  the  throne,  the  fires  of  Smithfield 
were  quenched.  But  yet  EHzabeth  saw  many  reasons 
why  the  English  establishment  should  be  maintained 
and  independent  worship  discouraged.  Through  the 
maintenance  of  the  English  church,  established  by  her 
father,  after  his  failure  to  induce  the  pope  to  sanction 
his  divorce  from  Katherine,  was  to  be  maintained  the 
validity  of  that  divorce  and  of  her  mother's  marriage, 
her  own  legitimacy  and  the  security  of  her  throne. 
When,  therefore,  an  independent  congregation  was 
discovered,  engaged  in  secret  worship,  the  queen  felt 
no  compunction  in  ordering  the  participants  to  be 
cast  into  prison. 

"  She  had  a  deep  political  conviction,"  says  William 
Pierce,^  "  that  the  strength  of  her  ki|igdom  depended 
upon  the  unity  of  all  classes  in  the  profession  of  re- 
ligion. Was,  then,  an  arrangement  possible  which 
would  achieve  that  result;  a  modus  Vivendi  which 
should  include  a  break  with  the  papacy  and  also  sat- 
isfy the  Protestant  reaction  following  the  cruelty  and 
corruption  of  Mary's  reign ;  an  arrangement  whereby 
men  of  intelligence  might  read  the  New  Testament 
and  yet  worship  side  by  side  with  pacified,  but  not 
converted.  Catholics?  Elizabeth,  whose  natural  gifts 
of  diplomacy  and  intrigue  had  been  finely  sharpened 

*  William  Pierce:  An  Historical  Introduction  to  the  Marprelate  Tracts. 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

by  her  perilous  experience  under  the  rule  of  Mary, 
thought  it  was  a  matter  to  be  managed  by  a  measure 
of  compromise  and  astute  arrangement.  The  mass 
must,  though  with  hesitation,  go.  The  services  must 
be  in  the  mother  tongue.  Of  her  brother  Edward's 
two  prayer  books,  the  later  and  more  evangelical 
should  supply  the  general  liturgical  forms  and  arti- 
cles of  faith ;  the  earlier,  and  more  Catholic,  the  *  or- 
naments,' including  the  vestments  of  the  clergy.  .  .  . 
She  had  presently  to  learn  that  those  of  her  subjects 
who,  unlike  herself,  had  a  conscience  in  these  things, 
were  not  to  be  as  easily  managed." 

It  is  Robert  Browne  to  whom,  perhaps,  history 
looks  chiefly  as  the  true  founder  of  Separatism  in 
England.  This  was  an  ardent  young  Cambridge 
graduate,  who  had  at  once  upon  graduation  taken  holy 
orders  and  was  established  as  the  private  chaplain  to 
the  Duke  of  Norfolk.  He  had,  perhaps,  been  led  to 
independent  thinking,  for  Cambridge  became  later 
known  as  the  Puritan  university.  Some  erratic  sen- 
timents promulgated  by  him  brought  him  into  con- 
flict with  the  ecclesiastical  authorities  early  in  his 
career,  and  later  procured  for  him  a  rebuke  by  the 
bishop  and  the  loss  of  his  position.  He  then  became 
a  street  and  field  preacher  and  an  open  dissenter  from 
the  Established  Church.  In  Norfolk  he  met  a  former 
classmate,  one  Robert  Harrison,  and  together  the 
two  gathered  a  congregation  at  Norwich. 

These  two  bold  young  men  do  not  appear  to  have 
2  5 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

confined  their  labors  to  one  place,  for  we  hear  of 
them  also  at  Bury  St.  Edmunds,  in  Suffolk,  a  town 
where  the  opposing  religious  elements  of  the  day 
not  infrequently  came  in  conflict.  It  was  at  Bury 
St.  Edmunds  where,  in  1682,  the  Reverend  Doctor 
Nathaniel  Bisbie  preached  his  famous  sermon  on 
"  Prosecution  no  Persecution,  or  the  difference  be- 
tween suffering  for  disobedience  and  faction  and  suf- 
fering for  righteousness  and  Christ's  sake." 

A  prison  door  finally  opened  for  Browne  and  Har- 
rison, and  later  they  were  banished  to  Holland,  where 
they  remained  for  some  years,  their  followers,  mean- 
time, rapidly  increasing,  under  the  name  of  Brownists. 

Another  leader  of  Separatism  was  one  John  Rough, 
who  in  Mary's  day  was  the  teacher  of  a  Separatist 
company  in  London.  This  was  one  of  those  by  whose 
death  at  the  stake,  Mary  sought  to  root  out  heresy 
from  the  land. 

In  the  Dutch  city  of  Middleburg  was,  at  this  time, 
a  refuge  for  all  who  were  persecuted  for  the  sake  of 
conscience.  "  You  have  no  right  to  trouble  yourself 
with  any  man's  conscience,"  declared  William  the 
Silent,  "  so  long  as  nothing  is  done  to  cause  private 
harm  or  public  scandal."  In  this  safe  retreat  Browne 
for  a  time  found  a  home,  and  busied  himself  in  writ- 
ing and  publishing  tracts  and  pamphlets  which,  when 
they  appeared  in  England,  were  regarded  as  little 
less  than  assaults  upon  the  queen's  supremacy. 

In  1583  were  arrested,  tried,  and  executed,  John 

6 


WILLIAM    THE    SILENT. 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

Copping  and  Elias  Thacker,  two  Englishmen  who 
had  been  active  in  the  distribution  of  Browne's 
tracts.  Five  years  later  the  authorities,  who  perhaps 
imagined  that  this  severity  had  checked  independent 
thought,  were  puzzled  and  distressed  by  the  appear- 
ance of  a  series  of  tracts,  seven  in  number,  which  were 
extensively  circulated,  under  the  mysterious  signature 
of  Martin  IMarprelate,  and  which  were  an  argument 
for  independence  in  religious  thought  and  a  series  of 
attacks  upon  the  Establishment. 

The  imprisonment  or  execution  of  Separatist  lead- 
ers availed  little  to  check  the  tendency  of  the  age. 
The  more  was  the  sect  persecuted,  the  more  did  it 
increase  in  numbers,  until,  alarmed  at  its  spread, 
resort  was  had  to  statutes  to  check  its  growth.  Ban- 
ishment was  decreed  as  a  punishment,  but  banishment 
was  of  no  avail.  In  Holland,  where  many  of  the 
Separatists  took  refuge,  they  came  in  contact  with  the 
Anabaptists,  who  had  likewise  there  taken  refuge. 

The  Separatists  were  now  the  most  numerous  in 
Nottinghamshire,  near  the  border  of  Yorkshire.  The 
center  of  the  Separatist  region  was  in  the  villages  of 
Austerfield  and  Scrooby,  the  same  region  where  was 
held  the  great  synod  of  702.  There  is,  in  fact,  a  small 
cluster  of  villages  in  this  region,  of  which  Scrooby  is 
the  center.  Bawtry,  a  market  town  of  Yorkshire, 
and  Gainsborough,  not  far  away,  are  a  portion  of 
this  group.  These  are  typical  English  villages,  sur- 
rounded by  green  meadows,  with  brooks,  and  wild 

7 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

flowers  growing  thickly  along  the  margins.  Scrooby 
is  not  many  miles  distant  from  Fotheringay  Castle, 
where  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  was  long  confined  and 
where  she  met  her  end.  This  entire  region  was  once 
made  noted  by  the  great  Catholic  uprising  of  1530, 
two  years  after  the  establishment  of  the  English 
Church  by  King  Henry.  An  order  had  been  issued 
for  the  suppression  of  the  monasteries,  and  a  portion 
of  the  people  of  Lincolnshire  rose  up  in  armed  rebel- 
lion against  the  order.  The  church  bells  were  rung 
in  alarm,  the  people  rushed  out  of  their  houses  with 
weapons,  and  at  Lincoln  the  Bishop's  palace  was 
attacked  and  plundered.  All  the  country  rose,  bea- 
con fires  were  kindled  on  the  hills,  and  the  Protestant 
bishops,  who  had  lately  been  appointed,  were  de- 
prived of  their  places.  This  is  also  the  region  in 
which  occurred  the  rebellion  led  by  the  Earls  of 
Northumberland  and  Westmoreland.  At  the  head 
of  a  large  body  of  men,  which  swelled  to  a  great  host 
as  they  advanced,  they  entered  the  town  of  Durham, 
took  possession  of  the  church,  set  up  the  old  altar,  and 
reestablished  the  Roman  worship  in  place  of  that  of 
the  Church  of  England.  The  village  of  Scrooby  is 
also  distinguished  by  having  been  once  the  home  of 
the  great  Cardinal  Wolsey.  It  is  this  region  in  which 
is  laid  the  scene  of  the  "  Ivanhoe  "  of  Sir  Walter 
Scott;  and,  perhaps  more  interesting  still,  it  is  in  the 
near  vicinity  of  Sherwood  Forest,  where  roamed 
Robin  Hood  and  his  men,  clad  in  green;  jolly,  fat 

8 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

Friar  Tuck,  Little  John,  Maid  Marian,  and  the  rest 
of  the  notable  crew  of  kindly  outlaws.  To  one  of  the 
greatest  of  religious  sects  this  region  is  notable  as 
being  that  in  which  John  Wesley  was  born  and  in 
which  he  passed  his  early  years. 

The  leader  of  the  Separatists  in  and  about  Scrooby 
was  William  Brewster,  the  keeper  of  the  post  station 
in  the  town,  as  had  been  his  father  and  his  grand- 
father before  him.  His  home  was  in  the  great  manor 
house  of  the  village,  a  small  portion  of  which  is  still 
standing  and  which  is  the  mecca  of  many  an  Amer- 
ican traveler  in  the  home  country.  The  village  of 
Scrooby  is  situated  one  hundred  and  forty-six  miles 
north  of  London,  on  the  queen's  highway,  then  an 
important  place  in  the  days  of  post  roads.  William 
Brewster  was  born  in  1566  or  1567 — the  exact  date 
is  uncertain — in  the  old  manor  house  at  Scrooby. 
At  fourteen  he  was  matriculated  at  Cambridge,  but 
there  seems  to  be  no  record  that  he  took  his  degree. 
He  next  appears  in  history  as  the  private  secretary 
of  William  Davison,  British  minister  at  the  Neth- 
erlands, and  afterwards  assistant  to  Walsingham, 
Queen  Elizabeth's  Secretary  of  State.  Brewster  was, 
then,  close  to  the  throne  in  service  and  was,  no  doubt, 
much  esteemed  at  court.  How  he  made  the  acquaint- 
ance of  Davison  and  gained  his  confidence  we  do  not 
know.  It  seems  probable,  however,  that,  inasmuch 
as  Scrooby  and  the  manor  house,  where  dwelt  the 
father  of  Brewster,  was  a  mail  station,  Brewster  may 

9 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

have  here  met  Davison,  in  his  numerous  journeys 
about  the  realm  on  the  business  of  the  queen.  How- 
ever this  may  have  been,  young  Brewster  was 
undoubtedly  in  the  close  confidence  of  Secretary 
Davison,  and  when  Davison  fell,  with  him  fell 
Brewster. 

The  fall  of  Davison  from  the  queen's  service  and 
confidence  is  closely  connected  with  one  of  the  great 
tragedies  of  history.  In  Fotheringay  Castle  was  con- 
fined Mary  of  Scots,  a  dangerous  rival  to  the  queen. 
There  are  few  to-day  who  doubt  that  her  death  was 
greatly  desired  by  Elizabeth,  for  that  event  would 
remove  from  earth  her  greatest  enemy  and  most  for- 
midable political  opponent.  But  Elizabeth,  greatly 
as  she  desired  the  death  of  her  cousin  Mary,  hesitated 
to  make  the  final  decision.  Urged  by  her  Ministers 
of  State,  Elizabeth  at  length  ordered  the  death  war- 
rant to  be  drawn,  but  she  still  hesitated  to  order  it  to 
be  served.  Elizabeth,  no  doubt,  was  very  willing 
that  it  should  be  served,  but  she  did  not  wish  to  assume 
the  responsibility  herself.  Another  shoulder  must  bear 
this  burden.  When,  therefore,  the  queen  received  the 
intelligence  of  the  death  of  Mary  and  learned  that 
the  warrant  had  been  forwarded  to  Fotheringay  by 
her  secretary,  Davison,  she  promptly  declared  that  it 
had  been  done  without  her  authority,  and  banished 
Davison  from  her  presence  and  service. 

"  It  is  almost  certain,"  writes  Dr.  John  Brown, 
"  that  but  for  the  execution  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots, 

10 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

there  would  have  been  no  Pilgrim  church  at  Scrooby, 
or  at  Leyden,  no  voyage  of  the  Mayflower,  and  no 
Elder  Brewster  in  Plymouth  church,  with  all  his  far- 
reaching  influence  in  American  life." 

Brewster,  banished  with  Davison  from  the  service  of 
the  queen,  returned  to  his  father's  house  at  Scrooby, 
in  the  latter  part  of  the  year  1587.  His  father's  health 
was  failing,  and  he,  no  doubt,  carried  much  of  the 
burden  of  the  elder  man's  office  of  master  of  the  post 
at  this  point.  Two  years  later  the  elder  Brewster 
died,  and  soon  after  William  Brewster  was  appointed 
to  the  position  in  his  father's  place.  He  was  now 
twenty-three  years  of  age,  and  for  the  next  seventeen 
years  he  occupied  the  position  which  his  father  and 
his  grandfather  had  filled  before  him.  The  position 
differed  somewhat  from  that  of  postmaster  at  the 
present  day,  both  in  England  and  in  this  country. 
The  post  service  in  those  days  was  mainly  for  the 
transportation  of  the  letters  and  dispatches  of  the 
sovereign.  Stations  were  established  in  the  various 
villages,  at  which  the  post  riders  were  accustomed  to 
stop,  change  horses,  refresh  themselves,  or  perhaps 
remain  over  night.  Such  a  station  it  was  the  business 
of  William  Brewster  to  keep.  There  were  four  great 
roads  which  intersected  the  country,  over  which  the 
post  routes  ran,  that  which  passed  through  Scrooby 
being  one  of  the  most  important.  We  will,  therefore, 
leave  William  Brewster  for  a  time  attending  to  the 
duties  of  his  important  office,  while  we  consider  an- 
il 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

other  of  the  leaders  of  the  Pilgrim  band,  whose  name 
has  come  down  to  us  in  honor. 

This  man  was  William  Bradford,  afterwards  and 
for  many  years  governor  of  Plymouth  Colony. 
Bradford  was  born  at  Austerfield,  a  village  a  few 
miles  distant  from  Scrooby.  He  was  a  much  younger 
man  than  Brewster,  having  been  born  in  the  year  in 
which  the  latter  was  made  postmaster  at  Scrooby, 
The  seventeen  years  which  Brewster  passed  in  the 
transaction  of  his  duties  at  Scrooby,  were  the  years 
of  Bradford's  growth  and  early  education.  Auster- 
field is,  and  then  was,  a  small  village,  of  less  than 
three  hundred  inhabitants,  chiefly  farmers.  There  is 
a  quaint  old  church  in  this  village,  dedicated  to  Saint 
Helen,  which  dates  back  to  the  thirteenth  century. 
From  the  churchyard  wall  of  this  church  a  stone  has 
been  taken  by  the  officers  of  the  church  and  sent 
to  Provincetown,  where  it  is  now  seen  embedded  in 
the  wall  of  the  Pilgrim  monument.  In  this  church, 
March  19,  1589,  William  Bradford  was  baptized. 
The  register  of  the  parish,  still  extant  and  perfectly 
legible,  records  this  fact.  In  a  house  still  standing 
by  the  roadside,  not  far  from  the  church,  the  future 
governor  of  Plymouth  was  born. 

Such  was  the  region  in  which  it  rose,  and  such  the 
leaders  of  a  company  of  Separatists  who,  at  Gains- 
borough, in  1602,  formed  themselves  into  a  commu- 
nity. The  town  of  Gainsborough  is  one  of  the  most 
ancient  in  the  kingdom.    Here,  on  the  banks  of  the 

12 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

Trent,  once  stood  the  palace  in  which  King  Alfred 
was  married.  Here  Canute  was  proclaimed  King  of 
England;  and  here  in  an  old  hall,  which  still  stands, 
King  Henry  VIII.  held  court  in  1541,  after  passing 
a  night  in  Scrooby  manor  house.  It  was  once  a  quaint 
old  town,  with  its  red-tiled  roofs,  its  doorsteps  of  yel- 
low, and  its  shutters  of  bright  green,  vying  in  its 
brilliancy  with  the  grass  of  the  meadows.  Across  the 
Trent  could  be  seen  the  church  toM^ers  of  Scrooby,  but 
a  few  miles  away,  the  great  fields  of  waving  wheat  and 
the  comfortable  dwellings  of  the  village  lying  between. 
The  pastor  of  the  church  at  Gainsborough  was  John 
Smyth,  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  who  became  im- 
bued with  the  spirit  of  the  Separatists  and  urged 
upon  his  people  his  opinions,  until  he  was  driven 
into  exile.  A  church  of  the  Separatists  was  formed 
in  his  parish,  and  hither,  to  sit  under  his  ministry, 
came  William  Brewster  and  William  Bradford,  from 
Scrooby  and  Austerfield,  making  the  journey  on  foot, 
Sunday  after  Sunday.  This  continued  for  three  or 
four  years,  until  the  Austerfield  and  Scrooby  breth- 
ren had  so  increased  in  numbers  that  a  second  church 
was  formed  at  Scrooby,  with  Richard  Clyfton  as  pas- 
tor. Meetings  were  held  on  Sundays  and  the  Lord's 
Supper  celebrated  frequently  in  the  loft  of  the  stable 
of  the  manor  house. 

It  was  in  1603,  one  year  after  the  formation  of  the 
Separatist  church  at  Gainsborough,  that  death  came 
to  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  James,  the  son  of  Mary, 

13 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Queen  of  Scots,  came  to  the  throne.  On  his  journey 
to  London  to  accept  the  crown,  King  James  passed 
through  Scrooby,  a  fact  of  no  great  moment  in  itself, 
but  serving  to  add  to  the  historic  interest  of  the  region. 
The  ascension  of  the  throne  by  James  seems  to  mark 
an  era,  however,  in  the  Hfe  and  career  of  the  Sepa- 
ratists. The  temper  of  the  king  toward  this  rapidly 
increasing  sect  was  well  shown  forth  in  the  famous 
threat  against  them,  which  has  often  been  quoted: 
"  I  will  make  them  conform,  or  I  will  harry  them  out 
of  the  land."  About  a  year  after  his  accession  an 
edict  was  promulgated,  declaring  that  all  must  con- 
form to  the  Church  of  England  or  withdraw  from 
the  country.  At  once  the  emigration  to  Holland 
began  anew;  and  not  a  few  who  persisted  in  the  idea 
that  man  should  be  allowed  to  worship  in  his  own 
way  joined  in  the  migration.  But  the  officers  of  the 
crown  soon  realized  the  folly  of  this  method  of  com- 
bating what  they  regarded  as  an  evil.  It  was  remem- 
bered that  in  times  gone  by,  the  country  had  been 
flooded  with  Books  of  a  seditious  character,  written 
by  exiles  in  Holland  and  sent  across  the  North  Sea 
into  the  eastern  counties.  The  edict  of  banishment 
was  therefore,  after  a  time,  rescinded  and  the  perse- 
cutions of  the  Separatists  began  anew.  The  attention 
of  the  officers  of  the  crown  was  soon  directed  toward 
the  Separatists  of  Scrooby.  John  Robinson,  who  had 
fled  to  the  village  from  Norwich  to  escape  the  perse- 
cution, had  been  one  of  the  foremost  of  the  English 

14 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

Separatists.  Becoming  one  with  the  Scrooby  breth- 
ren, he  soon  was  recognized  as  a  leader  among  them. 
Many  of  his  former  Norwich  congregation  had  al- 
ready escaped  to  Holland,  while  others  had  been  cast 
into  prison,  there  to  breathe  out  their  lives  in  suffer- 
ing and  distress. 

At  length  the  brethren  at  Scrooby  and  Austerfield 
were  discovered.  Hidden  away  as  they  had  been  in 
these  remote  English  villages,  they  had  long  wor- 
shiped as  their  consciences  had  dictated,  without  dis- 
turbance from  the  constituted  authorities.  It  was  in 
the  loft  of  the  stable  of  the  old  manor  house  that  the 
brethren  held  their  secret  services  and  communed  to- 
gether. But  this  secrecy  could  not  always  be  main- 
tained. There  were  informers  who  had  betrayed  the 
brethren  of  Norwich  and  of  London,  and  it  is  not 
unlikely  that  the  informer  also  penetrated  the  quiet 
little  village  of  Scrooby.  A  complaint  was  lodged 
against  Brewster,  as  being  a  Brownist  and  a  warrant 
was  issued  for  his  arrest.  Fortunately  for  him  and 
for  the  rest  of  the  brethren,  in  some  unexplained  man- 
ner, Brewster  obtained  intelligence  of  the  fate  which 
was  impending,  and  he  fled  from  home  to  seek  an 
asylum  in  Holland.  Already  was  the  wife  of  Brew- 
ster under  arrest  and  he  well  knew  that,  should  he 
also  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  authorities,  both  of 
them  would  undoubtedly  perish  in  prison. 

It  was  no  slight  thing  for  these  devoted  people  to 
leave  home,  abandon  their  means  of  livelihood,  and 

15 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

seek  safety  in  a  foreign  land.  Especially  distressing 
was  it  for  Brewster  to  flee,  leaving  his  wife  in  the 
clutches  of  the  merciless  lawgivers,  and  abandon  the 
lucrative  public  office,  which  his  family  had  held  for 
three  generations.  But  there  was  no  alternative.  The 
officers,  when  they  went  to  Scrooby  to  arrest  him, 
found  him  not;  for  he  was  then  at  Boston,  near  the 
seacoast,  striving  to  make  arrangements  for  the  mi- 
gration of  himself  and  of  his  fellow  refugees,  across 
the  sea. 

This  first  movement  to  escape  from  England  was 
not  carried  into  effect.  The  officers,  unable  to  find 
and  arrest  Brewster,  abandoned  their  attempt  for  the 
present,  and  Brewster  rejoined  his  now  released  wife 
at  his  old  home.  But  this  was  not  for  long.  Very 
soon  again  the  hounds  of  the  law  were  after  him,  and 
again  he  escaped  from  them.  There  was  now  a  law 
in  force  forbidding  the  emigration  of  anyone  from  the 
country  without  a  license.  To  attempt  escape,  there- 
fore, was  dangerous,  but  to  remain  was  dangerous  as 
well.  The  Scrooby  brethren,  therefore  resolved,  at  all 
hazards,  to  make  their  way  out  of  the  country  of  their 
birth  and  to  seek  an  asylum  across  the  sea.  Hastily 
collecting  the  few  articles  of  household  use  which  they 
deemed  the  most  necessary,  they  went  as  quietly  as 
possible  to  Boston,  on  the  coast.  There  the  fugitives 
met  quite  a  large  number  of  brethren  from  other  vil- 
lages, all  of  whom  were  determined  to  escape  from 
the  country  and  from  persecution.     Together  they 

16 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

chartered  a  vessel,  agreeing  with  the  master  to  con- 
vey them  across  the  North  Sea  to  Holland.  It  is 
evident  that  this  agreement  must  be  made  secretly, 
for  officers  were  constantly  on  the  alert  to  arrest  those 
suspected  of  planning  to  emigrate  contrary  to  law. 
When,  therefore,  an  agreement  had  been  reached  for 
a  conveyance  across  the  sea,  the  Pilgrims  believed 
themselves  at  the  beginning  of  the  end  of  all  their 
troubles.  But  they  reckoned  without  the  perfidy  of 
man.  While  agreeing  with  his  prospective  passen- 
gers, the  master  of  the  vessel  was  at  the  same  time 
plotting  to  betray  them.  No  sooner  had  they  stepped 
foot  on  board,  than  a  posse  of  officers  sprang  from 
hiding  and  assailed  the  Pilgrims  and  their  families, 
nor  did  even  the  women  escape  rude  handling  at  the 
hands  of  these  rufiiaris.  From  the  ship  they  were  re- 
moved to  the  shore  and,  after  being  plundered  of  all 
their  cash,  were  hustled  to  prison  cells.  After  a 
month  in  jail  the  unhappy  people  were  sent  back  to 
their  old  home  in  Scrooby,  and  this  first  attempt  at 
migration  ended  in  failure. 

But  the  Pilgrim  spirit  was  not  to  be  quenched.  In 
the  spring  of  1608  another  attempt  was  made  by  the 
Scrooby  Separatists  to  emigrate  to  Holland,  and 
this  was,  after  some  vicissitudes,  successful.  Taking 
warning  from  their  former  experience  at  Boston,  they 
did  not  make  their  second  attempt  at  escape  at  that 
port,  but  went  to  Hull.  The  route  hence  was  from 
Gainsborough,  by  boat  down  the  river  Trent  to  the 

17 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Humber  and  so  to  Hull.  The  household  goods  and 
the  women  and  children  alone,  however,  went  by 
this  route.  Breaking  into  small  companies  of  two  or 
three  each,  the  men  made  their  way  on  foot  to  their 
place  of  meeting,  a  distance  of  forty  miles.  Here 
they  were  reunited  to  their  families  and  preparations 
were  made  for  the  embarkation.  Arrangements  had 
been  made  Math  a  Dutch  shipmaster  to  convey  them 
across  the  sea,  but  when  all  had  arrived  at  Hull  they 
at  first  met  with  disappointment,  for  the  vessel  had 
not  arrived.  Before  it  was  descried  approaching,  the 
boat  in  which  the  party  and  their  goods  had  been  con- 
veyed from  Gainsborough  had  become  grounded  by 
the  falling  tide,  in  a  creek  in  which  it  had  been  drawn 
for  additional  safety,  and  it  would  be  several  hours 
before  it  would  float  so  that  the  goods  could  be  con- 
veyed on  board  the  vessel.  This  delay  was  disastrous, 
for  during  the  embarkation  the  party  was  set  upon 
by  a  party  of  horsemen  who  were  seeking  for  the 
fugitives. 

The  Dutch  captain,  fearing  trouble  for  himself,  at 
once  hoisted  sail  and,  with  a  portion  of  the  party  who 
had  gone  on  board,  made  away.  Those  on  board 
were,  for  the  most  part,  the  men  of  the  party,  and 
those  who  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  merciless  soldiery 
were  the  women  and  children  who,  with  the  house- 
hold goods,  were  awaiting  embarkation.  But  after 
haling  them  before  one  magistrate  after  another,  the 
arresting  party  released  their  victims,  after  stripping 

18 


THE    ENGLISH    SEPARATISTS 

them  of  all  that  was  of  value.  The  story  has  never 
been  told  how  these  people  at  length  reached  their 
destination.  We  hear  of  them,  however,  with  fam- 
ilies reunited  at  last,  seeking  new  homes  in  the  strange 
country  of  Holland. 

The  life  of  the  Pilgrims  in  Holland  has  been  writ- 
ten in  detail.  More  than  one  has  lovingly  traced 
their  footsteps  there,  in  Amsterdam  and  in  Leyden, 
to  which  latter  city  they  removed  after  a  time,  with 
the  hope  of  bettering  their  fortunes.  Here  the  Sepa- 
ratist church  of  Scrooby  was  reorganized  and  the  peo- 
ple for  a  dozen  years  lived  in  amity  with  all  men  and 
at  peace  with  God  and  their  consciences.  Poor  in- 
deed they  were  in  worldly  goods,  for  many  of  them 
had  been  stripped  of  their  all  in  Boston  and  later  at 
Hull.  They  had  been  obliged  to  abandon  their  means 
of  livelihood  which  they  had  followed  at  home,  and 
hard  indeed  was  it  to  take  up  the  broken  thread  of 
life  and  successfully  reunite  it.  But  they  were  happy 
in  their  poverty,  for  they  were  free  from  persecution 
and  they  could  worship  in  their  own  way  without  let 
or  hindrance.  "  A  fair  and  beautiful  city  of  sweet 
situation,"  was  Leyden,  in  the  eyes  of  William  Brad- 
ford, who  wrote  of  it,  many  years  after,  and  whose 
record  is  now  one  of  the  most  precious  possessions  of 
the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 


II 

THE   VOYAGE   OF   THE    MAYFLOWER 

FOR  twelve  years  the  Scrooby  colony  dwelt  at 
Ley  den,  and  from  time  to  time  other  exiles 
were  added  to  their  number,  until  more  than 
three  hundred  were  members  of  the  church,  which 
was  under  the  charge  of  John  Robinson,  as  pastor. 
Among  these  later  comers  were  those  who  bore 
names  well  known  in  Pilgrim  history,  among  them, 
Edward  Winslow,  John  Carver,  Robert  Cushman, 
and  Miles  Standish.  The  record  of  these  people  at 
Leyden  is  beyond  reproach.  It  is  said  that,  during 
their  entire  residence  there,  not  a  single  accusation  of 
any  sort  was  brought  against  any  of  them.  "  The 
human  reasons  for  leaving  Leyden,"  writes  Dr.  John 
Brown,  "  which  lay  near  at  hand  on  the  surface,  were 
many  and  forcible,  for  the  conditions  of  life  where 
they  lived  were  stern  and  hard,  so  that  few  from  the 
mother  country  cared  to  come  and  join  them,  even 
preferring  the  prisons  in  England  to  liberty  in  Hol- 
land under  such  conditions ;  others  who  did  come  soon 
spent  their  estates  and  were  forced  to  return  to  Eng- 
land, shrinking  from  great  labor  and  hard  fare.    They 

20 


EDWARD    AVIXSLOW,    GOVERNOR    OF    PLYMOUTH, 
1633,   1636,    1644. 

ORIGIXAL  IX  THE  POSSESSION  OF  THE  MASSACHUSETTS  HISTORICAL 
SOCIETY.  THE  ONLY  PORTRAIT  EXTANT  OF  ANY  MEMBER  OF 
THE   MAYFLOWER    COMPANY. 


THE    VOYAGE    OF    THE    MAYFLOWER 

loved  the  persons  of  their  brethren  in  Leyden,  ap- 
proved their  cause  and  honored  their  sufferings,  yet 
were  forced  to  leave  them;  regretfully  they  left,  as 
Orpah  left  Naomi,  apologetically,  as  the  Romans  left 
Cato,  saying  they  could  not  all  be  Catos.  Then,  too, 
what  touched  the  hearts  of  the  exiles  keenly  was  that 
some  of  their  own  children  began  to  sink  under  the 
hardships  of  their  lot ;  their  minds  were  free  and  will- 
ing enough  to  share  their  parents'  burdens,  but  their 
bodies  bowed  down  under  the  weight  of  the  same,  so 
that  they  became  decrepit  even  in  early  youth,  and 
the  vigor  of  nature  seemed  to  be  consumed  in  the  bud. 
While  this  was  true  of  the  more  gracious  of  their  chil- 
dren, others  less  amenable  were  drawn  aside  by  the 
temptations  of  the  city  and  were  led  by  evil  example 
into  extravagant  and  dangerous  courses.  Some  of 
their  sons  enlisted  into  the  armies  of  the  Netherlands, 
others  took  service  in  the  Dutch  merchantmen,  while 
others  again  fell  into  dissolute  ways,  '  to  the  great 
grief  of  their  parents  and  dishonor  of  God.'  Then, 
again,  there  was  the  fact  that  the  twelve  years'  truce 
with  Spain  would  soon  come  to  an  end  by  mere  lapse 
of  time,  and  if  they  still  remained  in  the  country  they 
might  find  themselves  in  the  stress  and  straits  of  an- 
other Leyden  siege.  Even  if  it  should  not  come  to 
this,  some  of  them  were  distressed  by  the  fact  that 
they  could  not,  in  the  circumstances  in  which  they 
found  themselves,  give  to  their  children  such  educa- 
tion as  they  had  themselves  received;  and  they  were 
3  21 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

pained,  too,  by  the  open  profanation  of  the  Sabbath 
day  prevalent  among  the  Dutch.  So  rife  was  this 
evil  that  even  the  Dutch  ministers  themselves  deplored 
their  inability  to  keep  their  people  away  from  Sunday 
sports  and  labor;  and  the  clergy  sent  over  by  King 
James  to  represent  England  at  the  Synod  of  Dort 
felt  called  upon  to  move  the  Synod  to  make  strong 
representations  to  the  local  magistracy  on  the  sub- 
ject. Further,  these  exiles  were  still  Englishmen  in 
heart  and  soul.  The  spirit  of  nationality  and  the  love 
of  self-government  were  too  strong  within  them  to 
permit  them  to  think  with  equanimity  of  the  possi- 
bility of  their  descendants  becoming  absorbed  into 
the  Dutch  nation.  Then,  to  quote  Bradford's  own 
words : '  Lastly  ( and  which  was  not  the  least ) ,  a  great 
hope  and  inward  zeal  they  had  of  laying  some  good 
foundation,  or  at  least  to  make  some  way  thereunto, 
for  the  propagation  and  advancing  of  the  gospel  of 
Christ  in  those  remote  parts  of  the  world ;  yea,  though 
they  should  be  but  even  as  stepping  stones  unto  others 
for  the  performing  of  so  great  a  work.'  " 

It  was  therefore  determined  that  a  portion  at  least 
of  the  Separatist  colony  at  Leyden  should  emigrate 
to  some  place  on  the  Atlantic  seacoast  of  North 
America,  there  to  found  a  colony  and  make  homes 
for  the  remaining  portion  who  should  follow.  It 
was  decided  that  if  the  greater  part  of  the  colony 
should  elect  to  go  on  the  first  expedition,  Mr.  Robin- 
son, their  pastor,  should  go  with  them;  but  if  the 

22 


THE    VOYAGE    OF    THE    MAYFLOWER 

lesser  part  should  form  the  first  company,  it  should 
have  William  Brewster  as  the  ruling  elder.  iVn  ar- 
rangement was  made  with  the  company  of  Merchant 
Adventurers  to  furnish  the  funds  for  the  expedition, 
for  the  Pilgrims  themselves  were  too  poor  to  purchase 
or  charter  a  vessel  and  fit  it  out  for  the  voyage.  The 
company  which  financed  the  expedition  was  to  receive 
its  profit  from  the  salt  fish,  clapboards,  shingles,  and 
other  products  of  the  new  land,  which  the  colonists 
should  be  able  to  gather  together.  A  vessel  called  the 
Mayflower  was  chartered  at  London,  and  proceeded 
to  Southampton,  conveying  on  board  some  of  the 
London  brethren,  who  were  to  join  the  party.  A 
smaller  vessel,  called  the  Speedwell,  was  purchased  in 
England  and  proceeded  to  Delfthaven,  in  Holland, 
there  to  take  on  board  the  Leyden  brethren  and  sail 
thence  for  Southampton,  where  they  would  meet  the 
brethren  from  London  and  make  their  final  departure. 

After  much  planning  and  many  prayers  and  con- 
sultations one  with  another,  the  body  of  Leyden 
brethren  and  sisters  who  were  to  form  the  first  com- 
pany left  their  homes  in  that  city  and  with  their  fam- 
ilies and  a  few  household  effects  proceeded,  probably 
by  canal,  to  Delfthaven.  Here  they  found  the  Speed- 
well awaiting  them.  One  night  was  passed  among 
friends  in  the  city;  the  next  morning  a  service  of 
prayer  was  held  in  the  church,  opened  to  them  for  the 
purpose,  and  the  embarkation  began. 

There  was  much  weeping  and  many  sad  farewells 

23 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

were  said,  for  some  were  to  leave  a  portion  of  their 
families  behind  and  all  were  to  leave  friends  and 
home.  They  were  going  into  a  wilderness  inhabited 
only  by  savages  and  wild  beasts,  and  some,  as  the 
future  proved,  were  bidding  their  last  farewells  to 
their  loved  ones.  As  the  little  vessel  set  sail,  a  few 
musket  shots  were  fired  from  the  deck  in  farewell  and 
one  or  two  shots  were  also  fired  from  small  cannon 
on  board  the  vessel. 

It  was  on  the  22d  of  July,  1620  (old  style),'  that 
the  Speedwell  set  sail  from  Delfthaven.  The  com- 
pany reached  Southampton  in  safety  and  there  met 
the  friends  from  London,  who  were  to  be  of  the  party. 
The  leader  of  the  Leyden  company,  in  a  semi-political 
sense,  was  John  Carver,  who  had  joined  them  from 
London  a  few  years  previous.  Their  spiritual  leader 
was  William  Brewster,  the  pastor  of  the  Leyden 
church,  John  Robinson,  having  decided  to  stay  with 
those  who  remained  behind.  After  reaching  South- 
ampton, and  before  leaving  that  port,  the  company 
received  two  letters  from  Mr.  Robinson,  conveying 
his  affectionate  regards  and  much  excellent  advice. 

Some  days  were  passed  in  the  preparations  for  the 
voyage.  The  arrangements  with  the  Merchant  Ad- 
venturers had  not  been  well  made,  and  required 
revision.  Some  time  was  also  passed  in  making  the 
allotment  of  the  passengers  for  the  two  vessels.  All 
arrangements  were  at  length  made,  and  on  the  fifth 

^  Corresponding  to  August  1,  new  style, 

24 


< 


THE    VOYAGE    OF    THE    2MAYFLOWER 

day  of  August,  1620,  the  Mayflower  and  the  Speed- 
well set  sail  from  Southampton  for  their  destination. 
There  were  in  the  entire  company  one  hundred  and 
twenty  persons,  of  whom  ninety  took  passage  in  the 
Mayflower  and  thirty  in  the  Speedwell.  These  were 
not  all  of  the  Pilgrim  party,  for,  besides  the  crews  of 
the  vessels,  there  were  some  mechanics  who  joined  the 
party,  either  from  a  pure  spirit  of  adventure,  or  being 
persuaded  to  do  so,  that  they  might  assist  the  com- 
pany in  making  their  settlement,  or  in  their  subse- 
quent life.  One  of  these  mechanics,  John  Alden  by 
name,  afterwards  became  interested  in  the  purposes 
of  the  migration  and  became  a  true  member  of  the 
Pilgrim  company.  His  name  has  been  perpetuated 
as  one  of  the  most  prominent  members  of  the  Plym- 
outh settlement.  A  few  also  accompanied  members 
of  the  party  as  servants.  The  enumeration  includes 
men,  women,  and  children. 

The  departure  from  Southampton  was  made  under 
the  most  agreeable  auspices  and  there  was  every  pros- 
pect of  a  quick  and  prosperous  voyage.  The  point 
of  destination  was  at  some  place  within  the  bounds  of 
the  territory  controlled  by  the  Virginia  Company, 
and  probably  at  or  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Hud- 
son. But  the  plans  of  the  company  soon  began  to  go 
awry.  The  Speedwell  was  soon  discovered  to  be  leak- 
ing badly,  and  it  was  quickly  apparent  that  consid- 
erable repairs  were  necessary  before  the  long  trans- 
Atlantic  voyage  should  be  undertaken.     There  was 

25 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

nothing  to  do  but  for  both  vessels  to  turn  back;  and 
the  port  of  Dartmouth  was  made.  Here  repairs  were 
made,  causing  a  delay  of  several  days.  Again  the 
party  set  sail,  and  after  some  days'  voyaging  it  be- 
came evident  that  the  Speedwell  was  unseaworthy 
and  that  it  was  exceedingly  unsafe  to  venture  farther 
in  her.  Again  they  put  back,  this  time  into  the  har- 
bor of  Plymouth,  in  the  south  of  England.  An  ex- 
amination showed  unquestionably  that  the  new  spars 
with  which  the  vessel  had  been  provided  were  much 
too  heavy  for  her,  and  to  attempt  the  voyage  in  her 
would  be  nothing  short  of  suicide  for  all  on  board. 

In  this  dilemma  a  council  was  held,  and  some  of 
the  party  who  had  grown  faint-hearted  decided  to 
abandon  the  voyage.  These  were  eighteen  in  number, 
including,  of  course,  the  crew  of  the  Speedwell.  The 
remaining  twelve  were  put  on  board  the  already  over- 
crowded Mayflower,  making  a  ship's  company  of  one 
hundred  and  two.  With  this  party  the,  final  sailing 
was  made  on  the  sixth  day  of  September,  1620,  and 
the  prow  of  the  Mayflower  was  once  more  turned 
westward. 

The  troubles  which  beset  the  party  at  the  beginning 
by  no  means  disappeared  as  the  voyage  progressed. 
Severe  autumnal  storms  overtook  the  vessel  and  drove 
her  up  and  down  the  ocean  and  far  out  of  her  course. 
One  of  the  great  beams  of  the  upperworks  of  the 
vessel  became  badly  sprung,  and  for  a  time  it  was 
feared  that  the  loss  of  this  brace  would  prove  to  be 

26 


THE    PILGRIMS    SIGHTING    THE     HIGHLANDS    OF    CAPE    COD, 


FROM     A     MURAL     PAIXTIXG     BY     HENRY     OLIVER     WALKER     IX     THE 
MASSACHUSETTS    STATE    HOUSE,    BOSTOX. 


THE    VOYAGE    OF    THE    MAYFLOWER 

a  fatal  disaster;  but,  by  means  of  a  strong  jack,  which 
one  of  the  mechanics  of  the  party  had  fortunately 
brought  with  him,  the  necessary  repairs  were  made 
and  the  vessel  staggered  on.  More  than  two  months 
were  passed  in  the  voyage  before  land  was  sighted. 

At  daybreak,  on  the  ninth  day  of  November,  a  head- 
land loomed  up  from  the  sea,  which  was  after  a  time 
identified  as  the  highlands  of  Cape  Cod.  So  far 
north  was  this  of  their  intended  destination  that  the 
Maij flower  turned  her  prow  southward.  But  a  few 
hours  later  they  found  themselves  in  shoal  water  and 
with  breakers  upon  the  bow.  The  captain  turned 
eastward  to  escape  wreck  and,  taking  a  wide  circuit, 
skirted  the  extremity  of  Cape  Cod,  entered  the  bay, 
and  at  length  dropped  anchor  in  the  safe  and  quiet 
harbor  of  Cape  Cod,  now  known  as  the  harbor  of 
Provincetown. 


Ill 

THE   LANDFALL   AT   CAPE    COD 

IT  was  the  eleventh  day  of  November,  1620,  that 
anchor  was  dropped  in  this  harbor,  "  which  is  a 
good  harbour  and  pleasant  bay,"  wrote  Edward 
Winslow,  in  the  narrative  known  as  Mourt's  Rela- 
tion, "  circled  round,  except  in  the  entrance,  which  is 
about  four  miles  over  from  land  to  land,  compassed 
about  to  the  sea,  with  oaks,  pines,  juniper,  sassafras 
and  other  sweet  woods.  It  is  a  harbour  wherein  a 
thousand  sail  of  ships  may  safely  ride." 

The  voyage  had  been  long  and  tempestuous  and 
more  than  a  hundred  persons  had  been  prowded  into 
quarters  scarcely  fit  to  accommodate  half  that  num- 
ber with  comfort.  But,  nevertheless,  no  contagious 
disease  had  broken  out  among  the  ship's  company 
and  but  two  deaths  had  occurred  during  the  voyage, 
the  exceptions  being  one  of  the  seamen  and  a  young 
lad  who  had  accompanied  one  of  the  families  as  a 
servant. 

*'  This  day,  before  we  came  to  harbour,"  writes 
Winslow,  "  observing  some  not  well  affected  to  unity 
and  concord,  and  gave  some  appearance  of  faction, 

28 


THE    LANDFALL    AT    CAPE    COD 

it  was  thought  good  there  should  be  an  association 
and  agreement  that  we  should  combine  together  in 
one  body  and  submit  to  such  government  and  gov- 
ernors as  we  should,  by  common  consent,  agree  to 
make  and  choose." 

Now,  particularly,  William  Bradford  records  that 
this  agreement  then  made  was  "  occasioned  partly  by 
ye  discontented  and  mutinous  speeches  that  some  of 
the  strangers  amongst  them  had  let  fall  from  them 
in  ye  ships — that  when  they  cam  ashore  they  would 
use  their  owne  libertie;  for  none  had  power  to  com- 
mand them,  the  patents  they  had  being  for  Virginia 
and  not  for  New  England,  which  belonged  to  another 
government,  with  which  ye  Virginia  Company  had 
nothing  to  doe ;  and  partly  that  such  an  acte  by  them 
done  (this  their  condition  considered)  might  be  as 
firm  as  any  patent  and  in  some  respects  more  sure. 
The  forme  was  as  foUoweth," 


THE   COMPACT 

In  ye  name  of  God,  Amen.  We  whose  names  are 
underwTitten,  the  loyall  subjects  of  our  dread  sov- 
eraigne  Lord,  King  James,  by  ye  grace  of  God,  of 
Great  Britian,  Franc  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender 
of  ye  Faith,  etc.,  haveing  undertaken,  for  ye  glorie 
of  God  and  advancemente  of  ye  Christian  faith,  and 
honour  of  our  King  and  countrie,  a  voyage  to  plant 
ye  first  colonic  in  ye  Northerne  parts  of  Virginia,  doe 

29 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

by  these  presents  solemnly  and  mutualy  in  ye  pres- 
ence of  God  and  one  of  another,  covenant  and  com- 
bine ourselves  togeather  into  a  civill  body  politick,  for 
our  better  ordering  and  preservation  and  furtherance 
of  ye  ends  aforesaid,  and  by  vertue  hearof  to  enacte, 
constitute  and  frame  such  just  and  equall  lawes,  ordi- 
nances, acts,  constitutions  and  offices,  from  time  to 
time,  as  shall  be  thought  most  meete  and  convenient 
for  ye  generall  good  of  ye  colonic,  unto  which  we 
promise  all  due  submission  and  obedience. 

In  Witnes  whereof  we  have  hereunder  subscribed 
our  names,  at  Cap-Codd  ye  11  of  November,  in  ye 
year  of  ye  raigne  of  our  soveraigne  lord  King  James, 
of  England,  France  and  Ireland  ye  eighteenth,  and 
of  Scotland  ye  fiftie-fourth.    An.  Dom.  1620. 

This  compact  was  signed  by  forty-one  men  of  the 
Company.  This  duty  performed,  John  Carver  was 
chosen  Governor  of  the  Colony  for  the  year  ensuing. 

"  Being  thus  arived  in  a  good  harbor,"  records 
William  Bradford,  "  and  brought  safe  to  land,  they 
fell  upon  their  knees  and  blessed  ye  God  of  heaven, 
who  had  brought  them  over  ye  vast  and  furious 
ocean,  and  delivered  them  from  all  ye  perils  and  mis- 
eries thereof,  againe  to  set  their  feete  on  ye  firme  and 
stable  earth,  their  proper  elemente." 

The  landing  being  thus  made,  their  first  care  was 
to  erect  "  some  small  cottages  for  their  habitation." 

30 


THE    LANDFALL    AT    CAPE    COD 

They  found  it  a  narrow  neck  of  land,  upon  which  they 
had  landed — which  is  now  known  as  Long  Point — 
"  on  this  side  is  the  bay  and  the  further  side  the  sea." 
Upon  the  day  of  the  landing  a  party  of  fifteen  or  six- 
teen men,  well  armed,  set  out  in  a  small  boat,  to  gather 
firewood  and  also  to  spy  out  the  land,  to  find  if  it 
might  be  inhabited.  At  night  they  returned,  their 
boat  laden  with  sweet-smelling  juniper  branches,  and 
reported  that  they  had  seen  no  man  nor  any  habitation. 
Formal  or  extended  voyages  of  discovery  along  the 
coast  could  not  be  made  at  present,  for  their  shallop, 
or  small  sailing  vessel,  they  had  been  obliged  to  cut 
down  that  she  might  be  stowed  between  decks.  Dur- 
ing the  voyage,  also,  the  members  of  the  company 
had  been  in  the  habit  of  lying  in  her,  so  that  she  had 
become  badly  sprung  and  her  seams  opened,  hence 
extensive  repairs  were  necessary.  It  was  evident  that 
this  place  was  not  wholly  suited  for  a  permanent  set- 
tlement, for  the  water  in  parts  was  very  shallow,  ren- 
dering it  difficult  to  come  to  land.  Indeed,  some  of 
the  company  in  reaching  land  had  been  obliged  to 
wade  a  considerable  distance,  which  in  the  November 
weather  gave  much  discomfort  and  caused  some  ill- 
ness among  them.  But  several  days  must  necessarily 
be  passed  in  the  repairs  to  the  shallop.  The  clothing 
of  the  voyagers  was  in  great  need  of  washing,  and, 
that  this  duty  might  be  performed,  the  women  of  the 
party  were  taken  on  shore  where  there  was  a  creek 
and  pond  of  fresh  water.     INIeantime  it  was  deter- 

31 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

mined  that  the  region  should  be  thoroughly  explored 
by  land,  so  that,  if  possible,  a  suitable  place  might  be 
found  for  final  settlement.  And  so  a  party  of  sixteen 
men  was  formed,  under  the  command  of  Captain 
Miles  Standish,  which  should  make  an  expedition  into 
the  country.  Each  man  had  his  musket  upon  his 
shoulder,  his  sword  at  his  hip,  and  was  girded  with  a 
corselet.  Three  of  the  wisest  men  of  the  company, 
William  Bradford,  Stephen  Hopkins,  and  Edward 
Tilley,  were  added  to  the  party  as  a  board  of  coun- 
selors. On  Wednesday,  the  fifteenth  day  of  Novem- 
ber, the  expedition  set  out  on  foot.  The  party  had 
not  proceeded  far  before  they  saw  approaching  a 
group  of  men  with  a  dog.  These,  as  they  drew  near, 
proved  to  be  Indians,  the  first  whom  the  voyagers 
had  seen. 

The  natives  were  evidently  startled  at  the  appear- 
ance of  these  strange  beings  approaching  them,  for 
they  turned  and  rapidly  retreated,  the  explorers  fol- 
lowing. The  Indians  ran  up  a  hill  to  see  if  they  were 
followed,  and  when  they  found  that  the  white  men 
were  in  pursuit,  they  disappeared,  and  their  pursuers 
saw  them  no  more.  The  explorers  continued  on  their 
waj^  until  nightfall,  when  they  encamped  for  the 
night,  setting  sentinels  and  kindling  a  fire.  The  next 
day  the  journey  was  resumed,  the  party  passing  a 
long  creek — now  known  as  East  Harbor — and  be- 
coming entangled  in  a  great  wilderness  of  under- 
growth.   They  were  in  great  need  of  water,  for  they 

32 


h   fe} 


THE    LANDFALL    AT    CAPE    COD 

had  brought  none  with  them,  and  in  the  middle  of  the 
forenoon  they  were  rejoiced  to  come  upon  a  spring 
of  fresh  water.  "  Of  this,"  writes  Winslow,  "  we 
were  heartily  glad  and  sat  us  down  and  drank  our 
first  New  England  water  with  as  much  delight  as 
ever  we  drank  drink  in  all  our  lives." 

The  course  of  the  cape  now  turning  south,  the  party 
went  in  that  direction,  and  after  some  adventures  they 
came  to  a  hill,  where  they  found  various  heaps  of 
earth.  On  searching  these  mounds  they  found  a  store 
of  Indian  corn  in  a  great  basket.  They  found  also 
a  great  iron  kettle,  which  had  doubtless  been  washed 
ashore  in  some  wreck.  A  portion  of  the  corn,  after 
consultation,  they  decided  to  take  with  them,  for  they 
had  no  seed  corn  and  were  in  great  need  of  it.  They 
resolved  that  if  they  should,  at  any  time  in  the  future, 
meet  the  owners  of  the  grain  they  would  compensate 
them  for  it;  and  it  is  recorded  that  this  they  after- 
wards did.  And  they  called  the  place  Corn  Hill, 
which  name  the  eminence  bears  to  this  day. 

Still  another  night  was  passed  in  bivouac,  and  on 
the  second  day,  approaching  the  shore  upon  the  har- 
bor side,  they  signaled  to  the  ship  and  were  taken 
off  in  the  long  boat,  and  thus  rejoined  the  company. 

It  was  thought  best  to  make  no  further  journeys 
of  discovery  until  the  repairs  to  the  sailboat,  or  shal- 
lop, should  be  completed.  The  time  of  waiting  for 
the  completion  of  this  work  was  passed  in  seeking  for 
and  cutting  timber  for  a  second  boat,  fitting  helves 

33 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

to  axes  and  other  tools,  and  similar  occupations.  The 
shallowness  of  a  portion  of  the  harbor  made  landing 
difficult.  It  was  November  and  the  water  cold,  so 
that  many  were  made  ill  and  some  of  the  company 
died.  A  sad  accident,  also,  was  the  death  of  Dorothy 
May,  the  young  wife  of  William  Bradford,  who  fell 
overboard  from  the  Mayflower  and  was  drowned. 

On  the  27th  of  November  a  second  expedition  of 
discovery  was  sent  out.  The  party  embarked  in 
boats  and  crossed  the  harbor  to  a  place  as  near  as  pos- 
sible to  the  farthest  point  reached  by  the  first  party. 
Thence  they  continued  the  explorations,  and  found 
still  other  heaps  of  corn,  so  that  in  all  ten  bushels  of 
seed  were  provided.  A  portion  of  the  party  returned 
to  the  ship  with  the  corn,  while  the  remainder  made  a 
bivouac  for  the  night.  The  next  day  the  march  was 
continued,  and  some  of  the  graves  of  the  natives  were 
found,  and  later  some  of  their  dwellings.  The  party 
then  returned  to  the  ship,  and  it  was  for  a  time  de- 
bated whether  or  not  the  place  of  settlement  should 
be  fixed  at  Corn  Hill;  but  it  was  finally  resolved  to 
continue  the  explorations.  During  the  absence  of  the 
second  expedition  a  notable  event  occurred  on  board 
the  Mayflower.  This  was  the  birth  of  a  son  to  the 
wife  of  William  White,  who  was  named  Peregrine. 
This  was  the  second  birth  since  the  company  had 
sailed  from  England,  the  first  having  occurred  on 
board  ship  in  mid-ocean.  The  boy  thus  born  was 
Oceanus,  son  of  Stephen  and  Elizabeth  Hopkins. 

34 


THE    LANDFALL    AT    CAPE    COD 

On  Wednesday,  the  sixth  of  December,  1620,  the 
third  expedition  of  discovery  set  out.  It  was  under 
the  command  of  Captain  Myles  Standish  and  included 
John  Carver,  Wilham  Bradford,  Edward  Winslow, 
John  Tilley,  Edward  Tilley,  John  Rowland,  Rich- 
ard Warren,  Stephen  Hopkins,  and  Edward  Dotey. 
A  number  of  seamen  were  added  to  the  company. 
The  expedition  set  out  in  the  shallop  in  a  heavy  north- 
east wind  and  intense  cold.  They  crossed  the  mouth 
of  the  harbor  and  skirted  the  shore  of  the  Cape,  pass- 
ing Billingsgate  point,  and  discovered  WeMeet  har- 
bor. Passing  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  the  party  landed 
a  few  miles  southward,  where  they  saw  a  group  of 
Indians  on  the  shore  a  few  miles  distant.  Here  they 
bivouacked  for  the  night. 

In  the  morning  of  December  7th  the  company  was 
divided,  a  portion  setting  out  in  the  shallop  and  the 
remainder  by  land,  pushing  their  way  south.  They 
first  explored  Wellfleet  harbor,  thence  skirted  along 
the  shore,  still  continuing  southward.  Presently  the 
party  on  shore  plunged  into  a  piece  of  woodland  and 
those  on  board  the  shallop  lost  sight  of  them.  Traces 
of  Indians  were  seen,  dwellings  and  graves  and  plant- 
ing ground.  Nothing  was  seen,  however,  of  the  party 
of  Indians,  of  which  a  ghmpse  was  had  on  the  previ- 
ous day.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  the  natives  had 
kept  the  party  in  sight.  At  sundown  the  party  re- 
turned to  the  shore  and  there  saw  the  shallop  in  the 
distance.    The  kindling  of  a  fire  on  shore  soon  served 

35 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

to  reunite  the  party  and  preparations  were  made  for 
a  bivouac.  During  the  night  strange  noises  were 
heard  and  the  sentinels  gave  an  alarm,  but  silence 
soon  ensued.  The  enemy,  however,  was  watchful,  for 
early  in  the  morning  a  sudden  attack  was  made  by  a 
party  of  Indians  armed  with  bows  and  arrows.  Shots 
were  exchanged  and  the  Indians  finally  fled,  leaving 
on  the  ground  a  considerable  number  of  spent  arrows, 
which  were  collected  and  sent  to  the  brethren  in  Eng- 
land, when  the  ship  made  her  return  voyage.  This 
place,  known  to  the  Pilgrims  as  the  place  of  the  First 
Encounter,  has  been  identified  as  within  the  present 
town  of  Eastham. 

All  now  appear  to  have  embarked  in  the  shallop 
and  the  journey  was  continued  in  a  storm  of  mingled 
rain  and  snow.  At  length,  at  nightfall,  the  party 
neared  the  entrance  of  Plymouth  harbor.  But,  on 
attempting  to  enter  it,  laboring  in  a  heavy  sea  and 
stiff  gale,  the  shallop  suffered  an  injury  to  her  mast 
and  was  well-nigh  wrecked.  But  they  bore  up  for  an 
island  in  the  distance — now  known  as  Clarke's  Island 
— where  they,  with  great  difficulty,  made  a  landing. 
Here  they  bivouacked  in  the  rain  and  sleet,  passing 
the  night  in  extreme  discomfort.  They  remained  on 
the  island  during  the  ensuing  day,  which  day  being 
Sunday,  they  desisted  from  explorations  and  rested. 

The  next  day,  being  Monday,  the  11th  of  Decem- 
ber, they  explored  the  harbor,  finding  it  of  excellent 
situation,  and  resolved  that  here  should  be  their  home. 

36 


2  a 
^ 


-V    o 

Z     U 


THE    LANDFALL    AT    CAPE    COD 

So  they  returned  to  the  harbor  of  Cape  Cod  and  re- 
ported the  result  of  their  journeyings.  This  was  on 
the  12th  of  December.  On  the  15th  the  Mayflower 
weighed  anchor  and  left  the  "  goodly  harbor,"  where 
she  had  lain  at  anchor  for  upward  of  a  month,  and 
where  so  many  memorable  occurrences  had  happened, 
and  set  sail  for  Plymouth  harbor. 


IV 

THE   monument's   STORY 

THE  erection  of  a  noble  monument  at  Province- 
town  to  commemorate  the  Pilgrim  landfall 
and  the  events  first  narrated  marks  the  com- 
pletion of  a  project  which  for  more  than  fifty  years 
had  been  in  the  minds  of  men.  As  long  ago  as  the 
year  1852  a  report  of  a  committee  was  presented  in 
the  Massachusetts  Senate  recommending  an  appro- 
priation of  three  thousand  dollars  for  the  erection  of  a 
monument  on  "  High  Pole  Hill,"  Provincetown,  in 
commemoration  of  these  events.  The  resolve  thus  in- 
troduced provided  that  it  should  not  become  operative 
unless  at  least  one  acre  of  land  on  "  High  Pole  Hill  " 
should  be  conveyed  to  the  Commonwealth,  as  a  site  for 
the  proposed  monument,  and  not  less  than  one  thou- 
sand dollars  should  be  added  to  the  sum  thus  appropri- 
ated from  other  sources.  Of  the  committee  reporting 
this  resolve,  the  late  Charles  C.  Haze  well,  one  of  the 
editors  of  the  Boston  Traveller,  was  the  chairman. 

Unfortunately,  or  perhaps  fortunately,  this  resolve 
failed  of  passage,  and  the  project  was  deferred  for 
more  than  half  a  century.    A  few  years  later,  chiefly 

38 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

through  the  efforts  of  the  late  Chief  Justice  Shaw,  a 
native  of  the  town  of  Barnstable,  a  marble  tablet  was 
placed  in  front  of  the  Town  Hall,  Provincetown — 
which  then  stood  upon  the  hill — recording  the  inci- 
dents which  have  made  the  town  historically  famous. 
This  tablet  bore  the  inscription: 

In  Commemoration  of  the  Arrival  of  "  The  Mayflower  "  in 
Cape  Cod  Harbor,  and  of  the  first  Landing  of  the  Pil- 
grims in  America  at  this  place,  November  11,  1620,  this 
Tablet  is  presented  by  the  Cape  Cod  Association,  Novem- 
ber 8,  1853. 

This  tablet  was  destroyed  in  the  burning  of  the 
Town  Hall,  February  16,  1877,  but  in  making  the 
excavation  for  the  foundation  of  the  Pilgrim  Memo- 
rial monument,  in  the  summer  of  1907,  some  small 
fragments  of  the  stone  were  unearthed. 

In  the  year  1877  the  project  for  a  Pilgrim  Memo- 
rial monument  was  feebly  revived,  in  a  proposition 
made  by  the  Cape  Cod  Association  of  Boston.  This 
went  no  further,  however,  than  the  drafting  of  a  de- 
sign for  a  proposed  monument,  and  for  fifteen  years 
more  the  project  was  allowed  to  sleep.  Early  in  the 
year  1892  a  number  of  public-spirited  citizens  of  Cape 
Cod  formed  an  organization  for  the  purpose  of  col- 
lecting funds  for  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  com- 
memorate the  first  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  at  Cape 
Cod,  November  21,  1620.  The  organization  assumed 
the  name  of  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  ^lemorial  Asso- 

39 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ciation,  and  on  February  29,  1892,  was  incorporated 
under  that  designation.  The  formal  act  of  incorpo- 
ration follows: 

An  Act  to  Incorporate  the  Cape  Cod  Memorial  Association  of 
Provincetown. 

Section  1.  James  H.  Hopkins,  James  Gifford,  Artemas  P. 
Hannum,  Moses  N.  Gifford,  Howard  F.  Hopkins,  Joseph  H. 
Dyer,  their  associates  and  successors  are  hereby  made  a  corpora- 
tion by  the  name  of  the  Cape  Cod  Memorial  Association  of 
Provincetown,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  at  Provincetown  a 
monument,  or  other  suitable  memorial  or  memorials,  to  commem- 
orate the  arrival  of  the  Mayflower  and  the  landing  of  the  Pil- 
grims at  Provincetown,  on  the  twenty-first  day  of  November  in 
the  year  sixteen  hundred  and  twenty,  and  to  perpetuate  by  en- 
during memorials,  the  memory  of  the  signing  of  the  compact,  the 
birth  of  Peregrine  White,  the  death  of  Dorothy  May  Bradford, 
and  the  other  interesting  historical  incidents  connected  with  the 
Mayflower,  while  at  anchor  in  Cape  Cod  Harbor,  and  for  the 
purpose  of  acquiring  and  holding  land  upon  which  to  erect  such 
memorials,  and  of  constructing  a  building  or  buildings  to  accom- 
modate the  meetings  and  to  contain  the  cabinets,  collections,  and 
libraries  of  said  Society;  with  the  powers  and  privileges  and  sub- 
ject to  the  duties  set  forth  in  Chapter  One  Hundred  and  Fifteen 
of  the  Public  Statutes  and  in  such  other  general  laws  as  now  are 
or  hereafter  may  be  in  force  relating  to  such  corporations. 

Section  2.  Said  corporation  may  acquire  by  gift,  grant,  de- 
vise or  purchase,  and  hold  for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  real  and 
personal  estate  to  the  value  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Section  S.  The  property,  real  and  personal,  of  said  corpo- 
ration shall  be  exempt  from  taxation  in  the  same  manner  and  to 
the  same  extent,  as  the  property  of  literary,  benevolent,  char- 
itable and  scientific  institutions,  incorporated  within  this  Com- 
monwealth. 

Section  4.     This  Act  shall  take  effect  upon  its  passage. 

40 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

Upon  the  passage  of  the  Act  of  incorporation,  the 
Association  was  organized  by  the  choice  of  the  fol- 
lowing officers: 

President,  James  Gifford,  of  Provincetown ;  Secretary,  James 
H.  Hopkins,  of  Provincetown;  Treasurer,  Joseph  H.  Dyer,  of 
Provincetown;  Vice-Presidents,  Charles  T.  Swift,  of  Yarmouth, 
Henry  C.  Thacher,  of  Boston,  John  Simpkins,  of  Yarmouth, 
Charles  R.  Codman,  of  Barnstable,  Sylvanus  B.  Phinney,  of 
Barnstable,  Isaac  N.  Keith,  of  Bourne;  Executive  Committee, 
James  Gifford,  James  H.  Hopkins,  Joseph  H.  Dyer,  Artemas  P. 
Hannum,  A.  Louis  Putnam,  Myrick  G.  Atwood,  Moses  N.  Gif- 
ford— all  of  Provincetown ;  Auditors,  James  A.  Reed  and  John  D. 
Hilliard,  of  Provincetown. 

The  association,  as  thus  incorporated  and  organ- 
ized, began  at  once  the  collection  of  funds  for  the 
purpose  of  erecting  a  suitable  memorial  monument. 
Within  a  little  more  than  a  year  nearly  twelve  hun- 
dred dollars  was  contributed,  which  sum  was  placed 
at  interest,  with  the  intent  that  it  should  be  allowed 
to  accumulate  until  it  should  have  reached  the  sum 
necessary  for  the  erection  of  a  memorial  commensu- 
rate in  its  appearance,  with  the  dignity  and  im- 
portance of  the  events  which  it  is  designed  to  com- 
memorate. 

In  the  spring  of  1901  a  meeting  was  held  of  the 
Pilgrim  Club  of  Brewster,  which  in  its  results  proved 
to  be  of  great  importance  to  the  future  interests  of 
the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association.  At 
this  meeting  the  vice  president  of  the  club,  Captain 

41 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

J.  Henry  Sears,  who  was  presiding  in  the  absence  of 
the  president,  presented  a  plan  of  action  for  continu- 
ing, with  renewed  vigor,  the  work  which  the  Pilgrim 
Memorial  Association  had  so  auspiciously  begun. 
Cape  Cod,  and  especially  the  harbor  at  Provincetown, 
he  thought,  had  been  given  scant  attention  by  his- 
torians in  relating  the  story  of  the  Pilgrims  in  this 
country.  Here  in  this  harbor  was  the  first  landing 
made,  the  first  prayers  said,  the  Compact — that  im- 
mortal charter  of  civil  liberty — drawn  and  signed. 
Here  the  first  white  child  saw  the  light  and  breathed 
New  England  air.  Here  in  this  soil  lie  buried  the 
first  of  the  Pilgrims  to  succumb  to  the  hardships  of 
their  journey.  Here  on  Cape  Cod  the  Pilgrims  drank 
their  first  draught  of  sweet  New  England  water ;  here 
they  met  their  earliest  adventures  while  exploring  the 
country  to  find  a  place  of  permanent  settlement.  It 
is  surely  fitting,  urged  Captain  Sears,  that  the  project 
of  erecting  a  great  and  grand  monument  to  com- 
memorate these  remarkable  historical  events  should  be 
pushed  to  completion  at  an  early  date. 

It  was  evident  that  the  remarks  of  Captain  Sears 
were  not  spoken  hastily,  nor  upon  the  impulse  of  the 
moment.  He  had  undoubtedly  thought  deeply  upon 
this  topic,  for  there  were  present  at  this  meeting  of 
the  Pilgrim  Club  several  gentlemen  who  were  not 
members  of  the  club  and  who  had  come  from  other 
towns  expressly  to  lend  their  approval  to  the  plan 
which  was  to  be  proposed.     Among  these  were  Mr. 

42 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

James  Gifford,  the  president  of  the  Cape  Cod  Pil- 
grim Memorial  Association ;  JNIr.  Marshall  L.  Adams, 
one  of  its  members,  both  of  Provincetown ;  Mr.  Eve- 
rett I.  Nye,  of  Wellileet,  and  Mr.  H.  H.  Baker,  of 
Hyannis.  All  of  these  spoke  in  terms  of  great  inter- 
est in  approval  of  the  plan  proposed  by  Captain 
Sears.  The  result  of  this  meeting  was  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  committee  of  the  club,  consisting  of  Captain 
J.  Henry  Sears  and  JVIr.  Roland  C.  Nickerson,  to 
consider  the  matter  still  further  and  to  endeavor  to 
arouse  an  interest  in  the  project.  Circular  letters 
were  sent  out  by  this  committee  to  persons  throughout 
the  various  towns  of  Cape  Cod,  who  were  regarded  as 
likely  to  be  interested  in  the  plan.  The  responses  to 
these  circulars  were  so  general  and  evinced  so  great 
an  interest  in  the  project,  that  a  second  circular  was 
sent  out,  calling  a  general  meeting  of  such  as  might 
be  interested,  to  be  held  in  the  Town  Hall  at  Brew- 
ster, on  Monday,  July  15,  1901. 

The  meeting  thus  called  was  held  at  the  time  ap- 
pointed and  was  remarkably  successful.  A  large 
number,  both  of  men  and  women,  were  present  from 
all  of  the  towns  upon  the  cape,  and  the  deepest  in- 
terest was  manifested.  Marshall  L.  Adams,  of  Prov- 
incetown, occupied  the  chair  of  the  presiding  officer, 
and  many  addresses  were  made  which  evidenced  the 
warm  interest  which  the  people  of  Cape  Cod  had 
taken  in  the  object  of  the  meeting.  An  excellent  col- 
lation was  served  by  the  people  of  Brewster,  and 

43 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

when  the  people  separated  for  their  homes  at  the  close 
of  the  day,  it  was  evident  that  an  interest  and  an 
enthusiasm  had  been  aroused  throughout  the  cape 
towns  which  promised  well  for  the  full  fruition  of  the 
project  of  erecting  a  monument  to  commemorate  the 
Pilgrim  landfall  at  Cape  Cod. 

It  is  fortunate  that  an  autograph  was  preserved  of 
each  of  the  persons  present  at  the  meeting  of  1901  at 
OBrewster.    They  were: 

Cordelia  E.  Phinney,  Barnstable, 

Charles  F.  Chamberlayne,  Bourne, 

Carrie  E.  Gifford,  New  Bedford, 

Sarah  A,  Swift,  Yarmouthport, 

Charles  F.  Swift,  Yarmouthport, 

Franklin  Crocker,  Hyannis, 

Alfred  Crocker,  Barnstable, 

Heman  S.  Cook,  Provincetown, 

Benjamin  C.  Sparrow,  East  Orleans, 

Ralph  S.  Gifford,  Hyannis, 

Ethel  M.  Brownell,  New  Bedford, 

Robert  A.  Dean,  Fall  River, 

Isaiah  D.  Snow,  Truro, 

Irving  H.  Rich,  Kansas  City,  Mo., 

Nannie  A.  Rogers,  Wellfleet, 

Thomas  Dawes,  Brewster, 

Harriet  R.  Wiley,  Wellfleet, 

Henry  H.  Sears,  East  Dennis, 

James  A.  Small,  Provincetown, 

A.  D.  Long,  Harwichport, 

E.  N.  Paine,  Brewster, 

Marshall  L.  Adams,  Provincetown, 

Mrs.  Marshall  L.  Adams,  Provincetown, 

Edward  L.  Chase,  Hyannis, 

44 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

Moses    C.    Waterhouse,   Bourne, 

Edmund  J.  Carpenter,  Milton, 

Mrs.  Clarendon  A.   Freeman,  Chatham, 

Warren  J.   Nickerson,  East  Harwich, 

Alexander  T.  Newcomb,  Orleans, 

Isaac  G.  Lombard,  Chicago,  111., 

John  H.  Clark,  Yarmouth, 

Margaret  B.  Lombard,  Chicago, 

I.  Cowen,  Brewster, 

W.   L.  Nickerson,  Chatham, 

Jennie  E.  Washburn,  Greenfield, 

Annette  L.  Cobb,  Brewster, 

Mrs.  Ellen   F.  Sears,  Jamaica  Plain, 

Mrs.  Hannah  B.  Wing,  Dorchester, 

U.  H.  Crosby,  Brewster, 

Ethel  L.  Lord,  East  Brewster, 

Osborn  Nickerson,  Chatham, 

J.  Henry  Sears,  Brewster, 

Roland  C,  Nickerson,  Brewster, 

Luther  Nickerson,  Provincetown. 

The  next  step  was  to  amalgamate  the  two  inter- 
ests— the  formally  organized  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  ]Me- 
morial  Association,  at  Provincetown,  and  this  new 
and  vigorous  movement,  whose  sole  object  was  to 
further  the  plans  made  and  already  partially  carried 
to  completion  by  the  formal  organization.  This  was 
easily  and  readily  done,  for  it  was  merely  the  infusion 
of  fresh  blood  and  renewed  energy  into  a  body  still 
vigorous  and  interested  in  the  objects  of  its  founda- 
tion. At  the  Brewster  meeting  a  committee  of  five, 
consisting  of  J.  Henry  Sears  and  Roland  C.  Nick- 
erson, of  Brewster;  Isaac  G.  Lombard,  of  Truro; 

45 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Henry  H.  Baker,  of  Hyannis,  and  Osborn  Nicker- 
son,  of  Chathamport,  had  been  appointed  to  confer 
with  the  officers  and  members  of  the  Cape  Cod  Pil- 
grim Memorial  Association,  with  a  view  to  amending 
its  by-laws  and  effecting  a  general  renewal  of  interest 
in  the  purposes  for  which  the  association  had  been 
formed.  This  committee  moved  rapidly.  On  July 
22,  a  brief  week  after  the  Brewster  meeting,  the 
committee  met  at  the  beautiful  residence  of  Roland 
C.  Nickerson,  in  Brewster,  since  unfortunately  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  Suggestions  were  made  for  a  few 
slight  changes  in  the  by-laws  of  the  Pilgrim  Memorial 
Association.  On  August  15  a  meeting  of  the  asso- 
ciation was  held  in  the  Town  Hall  at  Provincetown. 
This  meeting,  after  the  transaction  of  some  formal 
business,  was  adjourned  to  Friday,  August  23.  On 
that  day  the  suggestions  for  amendment  of  the  by- 
laws were  adopted  and  the  date  for  the  annual  meet- 
ing of  the  association  was  fixed  for  Tuesday,  Sep- 
tember 3. 

On  that  day  the  annual  meeting  was  held  and 
Moses  N.  Gifford,  of  Provincetown,  was  elected 
president,  with  Captain  J.  Henry  Sears  as  chairman 
of  the  board  of  directors.  The  movement  of  the 
project  continued  to  be  rapid.  At  once  subscriptions 
were  opened  for  memberships  in  the  association  and 
many  projects  for  raising  money  in  promotion  of  the 
object  of  the  association  were  set  on  foot.  A  vast 
amount  of  energy  was  at  once  apparent  in  the  newly 

46 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

constituted  board  and  contributions  began  to  come  in 
rapidly.  In  less  than  a  year  after  the  reorganization 
of  the  association  had  been  effected  the  amount  in  the 
treasury  had  been  more  than  doubled. 

Meantime  the  directors  determined  that  this  should 
so  far  be  made  a  State  affair  as  to  enlist  the  interest 
of  the  members  of  the  General  Court  in  the  project 
and,  if  it  might  be  possible,  to  obtain  an  appropria- 
tion of  public  moneys  for  the  increase  of  the  building 
fund.  A  petition  to  this  end  was  drawn  and  pre- 
sented, accompanied  by  a  resolve  for  the  appropria- 
tion of  the  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  for 
this  purpose.  This  petition  and  resolve  were  pre- 
sented in  the  session  of  the  General  Court  for  1902 
and  were  referred  to  the  proper  committees  for  con- 
sideration and  report.  ]Meantime,t.that  no  stumbling 
blocks  should  be  found  in  the  weiy,"  by  vote  of  the 
people  of  the  town  of  Provincetown,  the  eminence  in 
the  center  of  the  town  known  as  Town  Hill,  or  High 
Pole  Hill,  was  deeded  to  the  Monument  Association 
as  a  site  for  the  monument. 

The  hearing  upon  this  petition  before  the  joint 
Committee  on  Ways  and  INIeans  was  notable.  A  full 
committee  was  present  and  all  evinced  the  greatest 
interest  in  the  purposes  and  object  of  the  association. 
The  committee  was  addressed  by  President  Gifford, 
Henry  H.  Baker,  of  Hyannis;  Captain  Sears,  of 
Brewster,  and  Edmund  J.  Carpenter,  of  Milton.  It 
appeared  to  be  the  opinion  of  the  members  of  the 

47 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

committee  that  the  Commonwealth  should  not  be  com- 
mitted to  the  donation  of  money  for  this  purpose, 
unless  the  association  were  willing  to  bind  itself  to 
obtain  a  similar  sum  within  a  stipulated  time.  "  If 
this  appropriation  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  is 
granted,"  asked  a  member  of  the  committee  of  Cap- 
tain Sears,  "  how  much  time  does  the  association  re- 
quire to  raise  a  similar  amount,  including  the  sum 
now  in  the  treasury?  " 

The  reply  of  Captain  Sears  came  promptly  and 
vigorously.  "  We  have  now  some  twenty-five  hun- 
dred dollars  in  the  treasury,"  he  said.  "  If  you  will 
give  us  until  the  fifth  day  of  July,  1905,  I  will  guar- 
antee that  the  entire  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dol- 
lars will  be  raised  and  in  the  treasury." 

The  earnestness^  and  enthusiasm  of  the  speakers, 
and  especially  T>t'  Captain  Sears,  produced  a  deep 
impression  upon  the  minds  of  the  members  of  the  com- 
mittee, and  it  presently  reported  a  resolve  by  which 
the  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  was  appro- 
priated, to  be  paid  out  of  any  funds  in  the  treasury 
not  already  appropriated,  to  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim 
Memorial  Association  for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a 
memorial  monument  to  commemorate  the  first  land- 
ing of  the  Pilgrims  at  Provincetown  and  the  signing 
of  the  Compact  in  Cape  Cod  harbor.  The  payment  of 
this  sum  was  contingent,  however,  upon  the  posses- 
sion by  the  association  of  an  equal  sum,  on  or  before 
July  5,  1905.     Hon.   Silas  N.  Reed,  of  Taunton, 

48 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

and  Hon.  William  A.  Nye,  of  Bournedale,  mem- 
bers of  the  Senate,  were  especially  enthusiastic 
for  its  passage.  This  resolve  was  passed  by  both 
Houses  and  signed  by  Governor  Crane  in  February, 
1902. 

The  efforts  to  increase  the  sum  in  the  treasury  of 
the  association  were  now  resumed  with  renewed  en- 
ergy. The  annual  report  of  the  treasurer  for  1903 
shows  a  balance  of  upward  of  eight  thousand  dollars 
in  the  treasury.  The  treasurer's  report  for  the  year 
1904  shows  a  balance  of  ten  thousand  dollars.  At 
the  annual  meeting  held  in  July  of  this  year  it  was 
announced  that  the  town  of  Provincetown  had  peti- 
tioned the  General  Court  for  authority  to  contribute 
the  sum  of  five  thousand  dollars  for  the  purposes  of 
the  association,  and  that  a  town  meeting  was  shortly 
to  be  called  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  if  the  town  would 
vote  to  appropriate  that  sum. 

But  one  year  now  remained  in  which  to  raise  the 
sum  of  ten  thousand  dollars  in  order  to  bring  the 
amount  in  the  treasury  to  the  sum  required  to  make 
available  the  amount  appropriated  by  the  General 
Court.  The  result  of  the  canvass  for  funds  during 
this  year  was  most  gratifying.  Several  months  be- 
fore the  expiration  of  the  stipulated  time  the  entire 
sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  had  been  con- 
tributed and  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  association. 
Of  the  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  raised  this 
year,  five  thousand  dollars  had  been  contributed  by 

49 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

the  Town  of  Provincetown.  The  president  of  the 
association,  with  one  or  two  of  the  directors,  shortly 
before  the  fifth  day  of  July,  called  upon  the  general 
treasurer  of  the  commonwealth,  exhibited  the  sav- 
ings bank  books  and  the  securities  belonging  to  the 
association,  showing  an  amount  of  funds  in  excess 
of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  and  the  amount 
appropriated  by  the  commonwealth  was  promptly 
paid. 

The  report  of  the  treasurer  at  the  annual  meeting 
of  the  association,  held  July  18,  1905,  showed  a  bal- 
ance of  cash  on  hand  of  $50,646.72.  At  this  meeting 
Captain  J.  Henry  Sears  was  elected  president  of  the 
association. 

Of  the  individual  contributors  to  this  fund,  the  sum 
of  one  thousand  dollars  each  was  given  by  Henry  H. 
Rogers,  of  Fairhaven;  Samuel  M.  Nickerson,  of 
Brewster;  Captain  Lorenzo  D.  Baker,  of  Wellfleet; 
E.  C.  Swift,  of  Boston;  Robert  Bac6n,  of  Boston; 
J.  Henry  Sears,  of  Brewster,  and  Andrew  Carnegie, 
of  New  York. 

The  New  England  Society  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  Clarence  H.  Mackay,  of  New  York,  and  Mrs. 
Bayard  Thayer,  of  Lancaster,  each  gave  five  hundred 
dollars.  Nearly  three  hundred  dollars  was  yielded  by 
balls  and  whist  parties  given  by  citizens  of  Province- 
town.  A  concert  given  at  Brewster  yielded  upward 
of  one  hundred  dollars.  Two  hundred  dollars  was 
given  by  T.  Jefferson  Coolidge,  of  Boston,  and  the 

50 


J.     HENRY    SEARS,     PRESIDENT    OF     THE     CAPE    COD 
PILGRIM    MEMORIAL    ASSOCIATION. 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

number  of  contributors  of  the  sums  of  one  hundred, 
seventy-five,  and  fifty  dollars  is  too  large  to  enumer- 
ate here.  Contributions  in  smaller  sums,  the  major- 
ity of  contributions  being  of  one  dollar  each,  were 
received  from  nearly  every  State  in  the  Union,  some 
coming  from  the  far  West,  from  the  Pacific  coast, 
from  Hawaii,  and  from  the  Philippine  Islands. 

The  activities  of  the  president  and  directors  of  the 
association  were  not  confined  to  the  collection  of 
money  for  the  purpose  of  fulfilling  the  conditions  im- 
posed by  the  Commonwealth  in  the  resolve  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court.  Active  and  persistent  efforts  were  now 
begun  to  procure  the  passage  of  an  act  of  Congress 
making  appropriations  for  this  object.  In  two  suc- 
cessive terms  of  Congress  a  bill  to  this  effect  was 
presented,  passed  successfully  through  the  several 
preliminary  stages,  was  passed  by  the  Senate,  and 
failed  of  passage  in  the  House  of  Representatives  only 
because  it  was  not  reached  before  the  adjournment  of 
Congress.  For  three  successive  winters  President 
Sears  took  up  his  residence  in  Washington  at  his  own 
expense  and  devoted  his  time  and  energies  to  the  in- 
terests of  this  bill. 

The  third  trial  was  successful.  A  bill  was  reported, 
providing  for  the  pajTnent  of  the  sum  of  forty  thou- 
sand dollars  from  the  Treasury  of  the  United  States, 
said  payment  being  contingent  upon  the  contribution 
of  an  equal  amount  by  others.  The  act  provided  that 
the  design  adopted  for  the  proposed  monument  should 

51 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

be  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  Governor 
of  Massachusetts,  and  the  president  of  the  Cape  Cod 
Pilgrim  Memorial  Association.  By  the  terms  of  the 
act,  also,  the  money  thus  appropriated  was  to  be  ex- 
pended under  their  direction. 

The  bill  was  referred  to  the  House  Committee  on 
Library  and  a  hearing  was  held,  which  was  attended 
by  President  Sears,  of  the  Memorial  Association, 
Henry  H.  Baker,  of  Hyannis,  Mass.,  and  William 
B.  Lawrence,  of  Medford,  Mass.,  members  of  the 
board  of  directors.  Captain  Sears  addressed  the  com- 
mittee in  some  remarks  chiefly  of  an  historical  nature, 
urging  the  appropriation  as  a  proper  recognition  of 
one  of  the  most  important  historic  events  in  the  early 
history  of  our  country. 

"  The  Pilgrims,"  said  Captain  Sears,  "  left  Plym- 
outh in  September  under  a  charter  for  a  settlement  in 
Virginia.  On  the  8th  of  November  they  arrived  at 
Cape  Cod,  in  cold,  severe  weather,  intending  then  to 
go  South  to  Virginia.  After  sailing  with  head  winds 
for  three  days  they  put  back  into  Cape  Cod  harbor, 
where  they  arrived  on  the  11th  of  November,  old  style, 
the  21st  of  November,  new  style,  and  anchored  in  the 
harbor.  That  afternoon,  before  going  on  shore,  they 
drew  up  a  compact,  which  was  the  basis  of  all  civil 
government  in  this  country. 

*'  While  they  remained  in  Cape  Cod  (now  Prov- 
incetown)  harbor,  where  the  Mayflower  was  anchored, 
they  surveyed  the  different  places  along  the  cape, 

52 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

looking  for  a  place  of  settlement,  and  they  finally- 
decided  to  make  a  settlement  at  the  spot  which  they 
called  Plymouth.  They  then  returned  to  Cape  Cod 
harbor  and  took  their  craft,  the  Mayflower,  over  to 
Plymouth,  arriving  there  on  the  22d  day  of  Decem- 
ber, which  is  always  celebrated  as  Forefathers'  Day. 
This  is  the  day  on  which  five  men  landed  from  the 
ship  on  Clarke's  Island,  in  Plymouth  harbor.  Plym- 
outh is  the  first  settlement,  and  has  always  been  recog- 
nized as  such. 

"  In  the  center  of  the  town  of  Provincetown,  which 
is  on  the  shore  of  the  harbor  of  Cape  Cod,  is  a  hill 
about  one  hundred  feet  high,  and  we  propose  to  put 
up  a  monument  on  that  hill  just  as  high  as  we  have 
money  enough  to  build.  We  can  build  for  one  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars,  or  perhaps  a  little  less,  a  monu- 
ment two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  of  rough  rock. 
It  is  not  the  idea  to  have  anything  very  elaborate,'  but 
to  have  plain,  rough  stone,  just  as  high  as  possible. 
A  monument  two  hundred  feet  high  on  that  hill  could 
be  seen  from  every  town  on  Cape  Cod  and  could  be 
seen  from  every  vessel,  in  any  reasonably  fair  weather, 
coming  in  or  going  out  of  INIassachusetts  Bay.  That 
would  be  an  admirable  landmark,  particularly  in  the 
daytime,  where  the  shore  is  low,  for  vessels  approach- 
ing the  coast.  Steamers  coming  in  could  see  that 
monument  long  before  they  could  see  any  land.  There 
is  no  land  one  hundred  feet  high  in  that  vicinity,  ex- 
cept that  hill,  where  we  propose  to  put  this  monument. 
5  53 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

We  think  that  it  would  be  an  excellent  object  lesson 
to  those  coming  into  the  country,  both  as  a  landmark 
which  shall  point  out  the  place  of  the  first  landing  of 
the  New  Eingland  settlers  and  as  well  as  a  commemo- 
ration of  the  execution  of  the  first  charter  of  a  true 
democratic  government  known  in  human  history. 

"  The  State  of  Massachusetts  has  been  very  liberal 
in  granting  us  an  appropriation  of  twenty-five  thou- 
sand dollars.  We  have  raised  twenty-five  thousand 
more  by  private  subscription,  and  we  now  ask  the  aid 
of  the  general  government,  so  that  we  can  build  a 
monument  which  will  be  commensurate  with  the  dig- 
nity and  greatness  of  the  event  which  it  is  to  com- 
memorate." 

Mr.  Henry  H.  Baker  said  that  he  desired  to  say, 
in  addition  to  what  Captain  Sears  had  said,  that  he 
came  to  Washington  to  represent  chiefly  the  people 
of  Cape  Cod,  a  small  county  of  Massachusetts,  of  only 
about  twenty-five  thousand  people.  "  We  are  very 
sorry,"  said  Mr.  Baker,  "  that  we  are  so  poor  in  ma- 
terial resources,  but  we  do  feel  that  we  are  rich  in 
historical  memories  and  traditions.  Most  of  the  peo- 
ple who  live  down  there  are  descended  from  the  Pil- 
grims, and  so  I  have  come  from  Cape  Cod,  gentlemen, 
to  express  to  you  the  hearty  feeling  of  the  people  of 
that  community  with  reference  to  this  matter. 

"  Provincetown,  where  this  monument  is  to  be  built, 
is  an  ideal  location.  Here  all  the  steamers  going  from 
Boston  to  New  York  and  to  Philadelphia  and  Savan- 

54 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

nah,  and  all  the  Southern  ports,  will  pass  within  sight 
of  that  monument,  if  it  is  built  two  hundred,  or  two 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  high,  so  that  everybody  upon 
the  decks  of  those  vessels  will  inquire  what  it  is,  and 
in  that  way  it  will  be  an  educational  feature.  In  addi- 
tion to  that,  every  incoming  foreign  steamer,  bringing 
immigrants  to  our  shores,  when  it  sails  into  Boston 
harbor  will  pass  that  monument.  What  an  object- 
lesson  will  it  be  to  him ! 

"  From  an  historical  point  of  view,  of  course,  the 
first  landing  in  Cape  Cod  harbor  is  important;  but 
it  is  not  important  in  comparison  with  the  historic 
significance  of  the  signing  of  the  Compact  in  this 
harbor.  The  signing  of  that  Compact,  as  Mr.  John 
Fiske  says,  was  a  historical  landmark;  one  of  the 
great  beacon  lights,  one  of  the  great  historical  facts 
that  ought  to  be  put  side  by  side  with  the  discovery 
of  America  by  Columbus,  and  one  of  the  very  impor- 
tant events  which  has  not,  up  to  this  time,  received 
the  historical  recognition  which  its  historical  signifi- 
cance warrants.  Now  for  that  reason  we  have  come 
to  the  national  government,  because  it  seems  to  us 
that  this  matter  is  differentiated,  is  separated  from 
the  question  of  building  a  monument  for  some  favor- 
ite son,  no  matter  how  eminent  he  may  have  been. 
That  is  a  matter  of  local  pride ;  that  is  a  matter  which 
should  be  met  by  private  subscription;  but  here  is  a 
matter  in  which  the  United  States  government  is  as 
much  interested,  and  should  have  a  part  in,  as  well  as 

55 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

a  state  government;  as  well  as  the  gentlemen  who  are 
descendants  of  the  Mayflower  Pilgrims,  who  have 
contributed  as  liberally  as  their  means  will  allow;  as 
well  as  the  people  down  on  Cape  Cod  who  are  giving 
their  one  dollar,  or  two  dollars,  as  they  can  afford, 
because  this  is  a  matter  of  national  importance,  of 
national  significance. 

"  The  Plymouth  and  the  Mayflower  societies  are 
heartily  in  sympathy  and  cooperation  with  us  in  this 
matter.  The  secretary  of  the  Mayflower  Society  in 
New  York  City,  before  the  last  annual  meeting,  sent 
out  circulars  relating  to  this  matter  to  all  the  mem- 
bers of  his  society.  At  the  hearing  before  the  Ways 
and  Means  Committee  of  the  Massachusetts  Legisla- 
ture, Dr.  Myles  Standish,  the  president  of  the  May- 
flower Society,  and  Mr.  Arthur  Lord,  the  president 
of  the  Plymouth  Society,  were  present.  There  is  no 
rivalry  nor  ill-feeling  between  Provincetown  and 
Plymouth;  we  recognize  the  importance  of  Plymouth 
as  the  place  of  the  Pilgrim  settlement,  and  Plymouth 
people  are  generally  cordial  toward  this  project. 

"  There  is  just  one  more  point  that  I  desire  to 
emphasize,  and  this  is  the  practical  utility  of  this 
monument  at  Provincetown.  Along  the  coast  the 
government  of  the  United  States  has  spent  a  great 
deal  of  money  in  the  way  of  life-saving  stations  and 
things  of  that  sort,  and  certainly  this  monument,  set 
upon  this  hill,  would  be  a  great  benefit  as  a  landmark, 
a  point  from  which  vessels  could  get  their  bearings. 

56 


RAYMOND    A.     HOPKINS. 


HENRY    H.    SEARS. 


DIRECTORS    OF    THE    CAPE    COD    PILGRIM    MEMORIAL 
ASSOCIATION. 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

For  this  purpose  it  would  be  of  almost  immeasurable 
importance." 

The  representations  made  by  these  gentlemen  pre- 
vailed with  the  committee.  A  favorable  report  was 
made  and  the  act  was  passed  and  received  the  signa- 
ture of  President  Roosevelt  in  June,  1906.  The  pen 
with  which  the  act  was  signed  was  presented  by  him 
to  the  association,  and  is  now  one  of  its  most  cherished 
possessions. 

The  passage  of  this  act  assured  the  complete  suc- 
cess of  the  plan  of  erecting  a  monument  at  Province- 
town,  to  commemorate  the  first  landing  of  the  Pil- 
grims and  the  signing  of  the  Compact  of  government 
in  Cape  Cod  harbor.  The  provision  named  in  the  act, 
that  an  equal  sum  should  first  be  contributed  from 
other  sources,  having  already  been  complied  with,  the 
money  was  promptly  paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the 
United  States.  At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  asso- 
ciation, held  in  July,  1907,  the  cash  assets  of  the  cor- 
poration, available  to  be  applied  to  the  erection  of 
the  proposed  monument,  amounted  to  about  $92,- 
000,  a  sum  regarded  as  amply  sufficient  for  the 
purpose. 

The  site  unanimously  chosen,  that  upon  Town  Hill^ 
had  already  been  conveyed  to  the  association  by  the 
Town  of  Provincetown.  The  contract  for  the  foun- 
dation had  been  made  and  at  the  moment  of  the  ses- 
sion of  the  annual  meeting  active  operations  were  in^ 
progress. 

57 


THE   PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

The  officers  of  the  association,  elected  at  the  annual 
meeting  of  1907,  were  these: 


President, 

Vice  Presidents, 


Directors, 


Treasurer, 
•Secretary, 


J.   Henry  Sears. 

Dr.  Edward  Everett  Hale,  Boston, 

Dr.    Myles   Standish,   Boston, 

Miss  Priscilla  S.  Nickerson,  Boston, 

General  Charles  H.  Taylor,  Boston, 

Edwin  A.   Grozier,  Boston, 

Dr.  Gorham  Bacon,  New  York, 

Richard  Henry  Greene,  New  York, 

Mrs.  M.  P.   Nickerson,  East  Brewster, 

Mrs.  Mabel  Simpkins  Agassiz,  Yarmouthport, 

Hon.  Arthur  Lord,  Plymouth, 

Hon.  David  G.  Pratt,  North  Middleborough, 

Captain  Lorenzo  D.  Baker,  Wellfleet, 

Hon,  William  C.  Lovering,  Taunton, 

Frank  B.  Tobey,  Chicago, 

Alfred  Crocker,  Barnstable, 

Moses  N.  Gifford,  Provincetown, 

A.  L.  Thorndike,  Brewster, 

Eben  S.  S.  Keith,  Sagamore, 

Judge  Henry  V.  Freeman,  Chicago, 

Judge   R.  A.   Hopkins,  Provincetown. 

J.  Henry  Sears,  Brewster, 

Thomas  G.  Thacher,  Yarmouthport, 

Hon.  William  B.  Lawrence,  Medford, 

Henry  H,  Baker,  Hyannis, 

Captain  Lorenzo  D.  Baker,  Wellfleet, 

Hon.  Edward  B.  Atwood,  Plymouth, 

Henry  H.  Sears,  East  Dennis, 

Osborn   Nickerson,  Chathamport. 

Howard   F.    Hopkins,   Provincetown. 

Osborn  Nickerson,  Chathamport. 


58 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

At  this  meeting,  by  a  vote  of  the  association,  the 
directors  were  empowered  and  directed  to  make  all 
necessary  arrangements  for  the  laying  of  the  corner 
stone  of  the  proposed  monument  on  August  20  of 
the  same  year.  This  was  but  the  formal  recognition 
of  the  arrangements  already  made  by  the  board  of 
directors.  For  several  months  they  had  been  engaged 
in  making  plans  for  the  ceremony  which  meant  the 
solemn  beginning  of  the  great  work  so  long  con- 
templated. 

The  Grand  Master  of  Masons  in  Massachusetts 
and  his  corps  of  officers  had  been  invited  to  perform 
the  formal  ceremony  of  laying  the  corner  stone,  after 
the  ancient  and  time-honored  usage  of  the  Order, 
and  the  invitation  had  been  accepted.  President 
Roosevelt,  at  the  earnest  request  of  Hon.  Henry 
Cabot  Lodge  and  Hon.  Winthrop  Murray  Crane, 
Senators  for  Massachusetts,  and  others,  had  consented 
to  make  the  principal  address  of  the  occasion,  and  the 
event  promised  to  be  one  of  great  historic  interest  in 
the  annals  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 
An  admirable  and  interesting  coincidence  w^as  found 
in  the  fact  that  the  Presidential  yacht,  on  which  the 
President  of  the  United  States  was  to  arrive  in  Prov- 
incetown  harbor  from  his  summer  home  at  Oyster 
Bay,  Long  Island,  bore  the  historic  name  of  May- 
flower. The  circumstance  was  deemed  most  striking 
that,  two  hundred  and  eighty-seven  years  after  the 
arrival  of  the  Mayflower  of  old  in  these  waters,  her 

59 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

modern  namesake  should  come  to  do  honor  to  her 
and  to  her  passengers,  bearing  the  President  of  the 
wealthiest  and  one  of  the  most  powerful  nations  on 
earth — a  nation  sprung,  like  a  mighty  oak,  from  the 
tiny  acorn  planted  upon  these  shores. 

The  work  upon  the  construction  of  the  foundation 
of  the  monument  was  begun  by  the  contractors  for 
that  work,  the  Aberthaw  Construction  Company,  of 
Boston,  in  June,  1907.  On  the  twentieth  day  of  that 
month  the  first  shovelful  of  earth  was  thrown  out, 
without  formal  ceremony,  and  the  foundation  was 
completed  on  the  eighth  day  of  August.  The  exca- 
vation for  the  foundation  was  sixty  feet  square  and 
had  a  depth  of  eight  feet  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  The  foundation  was  a  solid  mass  of  con- 
crete, reinforced  at  intervals  of  five  inches  with  lay- 
ers of  rods  of  twisted  steel,  placed  eighteen  inches 
apart.  At  each  of  the  four  corners  of  the  foundation 
arose  six  rods  of  twisted  steel,  which  were  securely 
fixed  in  the  concrete  of  the  foundation,  far  below  the 
surface.  Above  the  surface  of  the  ground  the  foun- 
dation rose  to  a  height  of  five  feet,  but  gradually 
lessening  in  superficial  area  until  at  the  top  it  reached 
the  dimensions  of  twenty-eight  feet  square.  The  ma- 
terial taken  from  the  excavation  was  then  employed 
in  raising  the  grade  of  the  surrounding  soil  to  the 
level  of  the  foundation. 

The  foundation  being  thus  completed,  upon  the 
northeast  corner  was  erected  a  stout  derrick,  from 

60 


J.    HENRY    SEARS, 
PRESIDENT. 


OSBORNE    NICKERSON, 
SECRETARY. 


HOWARD    F.     HOPKINS, 
TREASURER. 


LORENZO    D.     BAKER,    JR. 


EVERETT    I.     NYE. 


DIRECTORS    OF    THE    CAPE    COD    PILGRIM    MEMORIAL 
ASSOCIATION. 


THE    MONUMENT'S    STORY 

which  was  suspended  the  corner  stone,  a  massive  block 
of  North  Carolina  granite,  weighing  forty-eight  hun- 
dred pounds,  the  gift  of  the  Van  Amringe  Granite 
Company,  of  Boston.  All  was  now  ready  for  the 
formal  exercises  of  laying  the  stone. 


THE   LAYING   OF   THE   CORNER   STONE 

THE  corner  stone  of  the  monument  was  laid  on 
August  20,  1907,  with  imposing  ceremonies. 
These  exercises  were  conducted  by  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Masons  in  Massachusetts,  assisted  by  Theo- 
dore Roosevelt,  President  of  the  United  States,  and 
by  Curtis  Guild,  Jr.,  Governor  of  Massachusetts, 
both  members  of  the  Masonic  Order.  It  had  first 
been  intended  that  these  ceremonies  should  be  held  on 
the  fifteenth  day  of  August,  the  anniversary  of  the 
sailing  of  the  Mayflower  from  Southampton,  but  the 
directors  were  obliged  to  consent  to  a  postponement 
on  account  of  the  inability  of  Governor  Guild  to  be 
present,  by  reason  of  official  engagements  elsewhere. 
To  their  regret,  therefore,  the  date  first  arranged  was 
abandoned  and  a  date  of  no  peculiar  significance  was 
substituted. 

President  Roosevelt  arrived  in  Provincetown  har- 
bor on  the  morning  of  August  20  in  the  Presiden- 
tial yacht  Mayflower,  which  was  given  an  anchorage 
as  near  as  possible  to  the  place  which  tradition  assigns 
as  the  anchoring  place  of  the  historic  Mayflower. 

62 


Copyright  by  Pach  Bros.,  N.  Y. 

THEODORE     ROOSEVELT,     PRESIDENT     OF     THE     UNITED 

STATES. 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

On  entering  the  harbor  the  yacht  passed  through  a 
lane  composed  of  eight  battleships,  in  two  squadrons. 
The  first  of  these,  comprising  the  battleships  Virginiay 
New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  and  Georgia,  was  com- 
manded by  Admiral  Thomas;  the  second,  comprising 
the  Alabama,  Illinois,  Kearsarge,  and  Kentucky,  was 
in  command  of  Admiral  Davis,  who  was  also  the  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  entire  squadron.  The  3Iay- 
flower  was  convoyed  from  the  President's  summer 
home  at  Oyster  Bay,  Long  Island,  by  tw^o  torpedo 
boats.  On  the  arrival  of  the  President's  yacht  the 
signal  was  given  on  board  the  Virginia,  when  a 
Presidential  salute  of  twenty-one  guns  boomed  forth 
simultaneously  from  the  eight  battleships,  awakening 
the  echoes  and  filling  the  air  with  sound. 

President  Roosevelt  was  received  at  the  pier  by 
President  Sears,  of  the  Pilgrim  Monument  Associa- 
tion, and  by  the  selectmen  of  the  town  and  a  com- 
mittee of  citizens,  and  was  at  once  conveyed  in  an 
open  carriage  to  the  summit  of  Town  Hill,  where  the 
ceremonies  of  the  day  were  to  be  held.  Admirals 
Davis  and  Thomas,  with  the  commanders  of  the  bat- 
tleships in  the  harbor,  and  Governor  Guild,  with 
members  of  his  staff,  were  also  present  at  the  pier  to 
greet  the  President,  and  joined  in  the  escort  to  the 
hill.  From  the  head  of  the  pier  to  the  summit  the 
way  was  lined  with  marines,  a  landing  party  of  1,500 
having  been  sent  to  the  shore,  at  the  request  of  Presi- 
dent Sears,  to  preserve  order  and  to  afford  protection 

63 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

to  the  President.  The  arrival  and  reception  of  the 
President  was  thus  graphically  described  by  one  of 
the  newspapers  of  the  day: 

**  Almost  with  the  dawn  of  the  morning  sun  Prov- 
incetown  was  astir  and  out  watching  for  the  May- 
flower with  the  President  on  board.  It  was  no  use 
to  say  that  he  was  not  due  until  somewhere  in  the 
neighborhood  of  eleven  o'clock,  for  the  people  who 
have  followed  his  course  and  are  fully  acquainted 
with  his  strenuous  tendencies  had  faith  implicit  that 
he  would  be  at  least  a  trifle  ahead  of  the  regular 
schedule. 

"  '  Teddy  will  get  here  before  he  is  really  expected,' 
they  said,  and  they  were  not  a  whit  disappointed. 

"  Great  was  the  sight  looking  out  into  the  harbor 
and  the  bay,  and  far  off  to  sea,  where  Vineyard  Sound 
spreads  out  for  miles  and  miles,  for  no  better  morn- 
ing, even  in  the  days  of  the  Pilgrims,  ever  broke 
forth  on  a  Cape  Cod  shore. 

"  Slowly  the  hosts  ascended  to  the  top  of  Town 
Hill,  that  magnificent  pile  of  sand  rising  over  the 
very  topmost  spires  of  the  quaint  town,  where  the 
monument  is  to  be  erected,  and  where  the  very  pin- 
nacles of  the  big  grandstand  offered  an  advantageous 
site  for  the  very  first  sight  of  the  Mayflower  as  she 
rounded  into  view.  And  there  she  was.  It  was  just 
nine  o'clock  when  the  little  tinge  of  black  smoke  far 
off  on  the  horizon  proclaimed  her  coming.    Pollock 


o  a 

u 


;::  O 

in    H 
i^    'SI 


=  H  § 

^  ^  s 

E  ?,  O 

?^^  « 

r  -  S 

^  Cfi  ^ 

a  ;:::  a 

^  ^  o 

^  o  ^ 

<  s  ^ 
Sk2 


cTj  o  o 

>-•  a  Q 

^  ffi  a 

kH  Q 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

Rip  Shoals  had  been  passed,  and  the  gallant  vessel, 
bearing  the  one  whose  coming  was  so  eagerly  awaited, 
was  fast  approaching.  It  was  a  glorious  sight,  and 
one  that  will  never  be  forgotten  by  the  thousands 
who  had  gathered  to  witness  the  approach. 

"  Out  to  the  left  of  that  great  marine  picture,  such 
as  no  living  or  dead  artist  could  have  done  justice 
to,  lay  Provincetown  harbor  itself,  with  its  eight 
great  battleships  dressed  in  gala  array.  Farther  in 
lay  the  fleet  of  gaudily  bedecked  pleasure  yachts, 
more  than  two  hundred  in  number.  Nearer  the  pier 
was  the  Newport,  having  on  board  Governor  Guild, 
members  of  his  staff,  and  Nathan  Haskell  Dole,  the 
odist  of  the  day. 

"  Admiral  Thomas,  commanding  the  second  di- 
vision of  the  first  squadron,  had  his  ships,  the  Vir- 
ginia, the  New  Jersey,  the  Rhode  Island,  and  the 
Georgia,  lined  up  with  anchors  out  fore  and  aft  to 
keep  them  in  alignment,  and  in  a  parallel  position, 
one  hundred  yards  farther  away  to  the  right,  lay  the 
ships  of  Admiral  Davis,  the  Alabama,  Illinois,  Kear- 
sarge,  and  Kentucky.  For  the  lane  thus  formed 
between  the  big  ships  the  Mayflower  headed  as  she 
turned  Long  Point,  the  destroyers  following  and 
slightly  spreading  out  close  in  her  wake. 

"  Then  the  signal  flared  on  the  Virginia,  and  the 
great  guns  boomed  their  welcome  to  these  hospitable 
waters  of  Cape  Cod. 

"  Down  the  lane  came  the  Mayflower,  perhaps  over 

65 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

just  such  a  course  as  that  taken  by  the  Pilgrim  ship 
of  similar  name  and  whose  memorable  voyage  had 
brought  the  newer  Mayflower  here  to-day. 

"  As  she  passed  each  battleship  the  Presidential 
salute  was  given,  the  very  flame  of  the  guns  being 
observed  from  the  hill,  until  it  seemed  as  though  the 
Mayflower  would  be  lost  to  view  in  the  great  haze  of 
powder  smoke. 

"  Then  the  mud  hook  went  plunging  down  and  the 
President  was  ready  for  the  official  welcome  that  soon 
came,  for  members  of  the  reception  committee  from 
the  town,  with  Governor  Guild,  who  had  come  after 
the  Mayflower  had  been  sighted,  with  members  of  his 
staff,  as  also  Admirals  Davis  and  Thomas  with  their 
aids,  had  gathered  at  the  big  pier  to  greet  him.  While 
the  President  was  making  his  preparations  to  leave 
the  vessel  the  other  big  ships  were  kept  busy  put- 
ting the  big  shore  contingent  of  1,500  in  the  launches, 
which  were  towed  in  barge  fashion  by  the  steam  cut- 
ters to  a  landing  place  farther  up  the  wharf  than 
that  reserved  for  the  Presidential  party. 

*'  The  men,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Seaton 
Schroeder,  U.  S.  N.,  of  the  Virginia,  made  a  very  fine 
appearance  as  they  sprang  into  line  following  the 
disembarkment,  and  were  soon  marching  to  the  sound 
of  music  of  their  bands  to  the  assigned  places  that 
awaited  them.  All  the  troops,  including  the  marines 
and  jackies,  were  so  spread  out  that  they  covered  the 
entire  route  of  the  President's  course  through  Com- 

66 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

mercial  Street,  Ryder  Street,  and  Parallel  Street  to 
the  hilltop  and  the  great  stand. 

"  At  ten  thirty  o'clock  it  was  seen  that  President 
Roosevelt  was  leaving  the  May  flowery  and  then  it 
was  that  the  secret  service  men,  under  the  direction 
of  their  chief,  JNIcHugh,  who  is  regarded  as  a  model 
for  knowing  just  how  to  guard  a  President,  got  busy. 
With  the  aid  of  the  marines  and  the  police  the  pier 
was  practically  closed  to  all,  and  even  the  newspaper 
photographers,  who  were  awaiting  the  chance  to  get 
a  '  snap  '  at  Teddy  as  he  came  up  the  landing  place, 
were  unceremoniously  thrust  back  with  the  other 
would-be  onlookers. 

"  When  the  wharf  was  at  last  reached  and  he  had 
stepped  ashore.  Governor  Guild,  with  General  Brig- 
ham,  General  Emery,  Colonel  George  T.  Doty, 
Major  Edward  Glines,  Colonel  Bailey,  and  Colonel 
Wolcott,  members  of  his  personal  staff,  and  J.  Henry 
Sears,  the  president  of  the  Pilgrim  Memorial  Asso- 
ciation, and  Chairman  Allen  of  the  local  Selectmen, 
gathered  about  him.  All  were  presented  by  the 
Governor. 

"  Then  in  another  moment  the  President  had  en- 
tered his  carriage.  Seated  beside  him,  as  the  line  of 
march  was  taken  up,  were  Governor  Guild  and  Presi- 
dent Sears;  and  Mrs.  Roosevelt,  who  had  landed  in 
company  with  the  wife  of  Admiral  Davis  and  the 
latter's  charming  daughter,  were  soon  following  in 
the  second  vehicle. 

67 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

"  As  the  carriages  reached  the  densely  packed  street, 
the  cheers  that  greeted  the  Chief  Executive  and  the 
Governor  of  the  State  were  almost  deafening.  Men 
stood  on  fences,  and  women  and  children  from  every 
conceivable  point  of  vantage  took  up  the  cry  that  re- 
sounded, '  Roosevelt,'  *  Welcome! '  '  Hurrah! '  They 
were  merged  into  one  great  shout,  it  seemed,  that 
echoed  back  from  the  Town  Hill,  only  to  be  renewed 
as  the  cortege  passed.  '  Here  he  comes ! '  were  the 
shouts  of  the  multitude  that  lined  the  narrow  thor- 
oughfare. 

"  The  grand  stands,  of  homely  erection,  improvised 
for  the  occasion  in  the  yards  of  dwellings,  their  de- 
fects to  the  eye  covered  by  bright  masses  of  bunting, 
and  the  chairs  without  occupants,  for  all  were  stand- 
ing for  that  first  glance  that  makes  it  all  the  more 
satisfactory  because  of  the  expectation,  gave  him  their 
cheers  now,  and  some  perhaps  among  the  older  occu- 
pants their  Godspeeds,  as  he  passed. 

"  It  was  nothing  but  cheers  and  handclapping,  of 
the  nature  that  raises  sundry  blisters,  all  the  way  up 
the  narrow  defiles  and  around  the  turns,  past  the 
gayly  decorated  Town  Hall,  where  the  banquet  was 
to  be  later  held,  and  up  the  long  stretch  of  winding 
hill  to  the  great  grandstand. 

"  In  the  streets  themselves,  some  of  which  are  not 
more  than  thirty  feet  in  width,  the  throngs  were 
packed  in  and  kept  back  by  the  jackies  and  marines. 

"  And  as  for  the  President,  he  was  cordiality  itself 

68 


THE    LAYING   OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

all  the  way,  though  the  sun  was  hot  and  the  clouds  of 
dust  stirred  up  by  the  tramp-tramp  of  the  escorting 
guard  sometimes  came  full  into  his  bronzed  face. 
And  when  the  people  caught  that  oft-caricatured 
smile,  the  white  teeth  peering  forth,  the  firm-set 
mouth  and  closely  cropped  mustache,  the  eye  glasses, 
and  the  sturdy  frame,  they  fairly  went  wild  in  their 
enthusiasm. 

"  Had  it  been  permitted,  the  enthusiastic  bystand- 
ers would  have  taken  the  horses  from  the  carriage  and 
drawn  the  vehicle  themselves.  The  veteran  driver, 
*  Si '  Young,  however,  would  not  have  permitted 
this." 

After  the  President,  whose  carriage  was  preceded 
by  a  guard  of  twenty-five  marines  with  ball  cartridges 
in  their  belts,  the  same  number  followed,  and  then 
came  the  carriages  with  the  ladies.  Mrs.  Roosevelt 
attracted  great  attention,  and  she,  too,  was  smiling, 
attended  as  she  was  by  her  daughter,  Miss  Ethel,  and 
her  son  Quentin.  Upon  the  hill  an  ample  platform 
had  been  built,  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  rising 
seats  for  the  accommodation  of  the  people.  It  had 
been  designed  to  hold  first  the  formal  Masonic  service 
of  laying  the  corner  stone,  the  addresses  of  the  Presi- 
dent and  others  to  follow.  The  special  trains  con- 
veying the  Grand  Lodge  and  its  escort,  Sutton  Com- 
mandery.  Knights  Templars  of  New  Bedford,  was 
unfortunately  delayed,  and  it  was  at  last  determined 
to  proceed  with  the  exercises  and  hold  these  solemni- 
6  69 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ties  after  the  formal  addresses.  President  Sears, 
therefore,  after  prayer  by  the  Rev.  Samuel  A.  Eliot, 
D.D.,  introduced  Governor  Guild,  speaking  as  fol- 
lows: 

ADDRESS    OF    PRESIDENT    SEARS 

We  are  gathered  here  to-day  to  lay  the  corner 
stone  of  the  monument  which  will  commemorate  for 
years  to  come  an  important  event  in  the  history  of 
what  is  now  the  United  States.  Down  in  the  harbor 
lies  the  Mayflower,  where,  two  hundred  and  eighty- 
seven  years  ago,  another  Mayflower  dropped  her 
anchor.  In  this  same  harbor  those  who  came  on  the 
first  Mayflower  rested  in  their  search  for  a  home 
where  they  might  find  peace.  In  this  same  harbor 
they  drew  up  the  Compact  which  afterwards  became 
the  basis  of  our  present  Constitution.  For  these  long 
centuries  this  country  of  ours  has  remained  as  those 
Pilgrims  began  it,  a  haven  where  others  might  come 
and  find  peace  and  a  home.  It  is  fitting,  therefore, 
that  we  of  this  later  day  who  have  profited  by  the 
events  that  have  occurred  here  should  hold  this  place 
always  in  our  hearts.  It  is  fitting,  also,  that  we  should 
set  up  a  sign  to  mark  the  spot  where  these  events,  of 
so  much  importance  to  the  future,  took  place.  And 
so  we  propose  to  build  here,  with  the  funds  contrib- 
uted by  thousands  of  individuals^  by  the  State  of 
Massachusetts,  and  by  the  United  States,  a  single 
column  that  shall  rise  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet  into 

70 


REVEREND    SAMUEL    A.    ELIOT. 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

the  air  and  mark,  for  all  those  who  travel  by  land  or 
sea  within  a  distance  of  thirty  miles,  this  historic 
ground.  A  monument  that  shall  be  a  reminder  to  all 
men,  wherever  they  may  be,  that  here  in  our  land  they 
shall  find  freedom  in  thought  and  action  and  peace 
and  a  home. 

The  project  of  erecting  a  monument  here  has  long 
been  thought  of.  As  long  ago  as  1852  a  report  of  a 
committee  was  presented  to  the  JNIassachusetts  Sen- 
ate, recommending  an  appropriation  of  $3,000  for 
the  erecting  of  a  monument  on  High  Pole  Hill  in 
commemoration  of  these  events.  This  resolve  failed, 
and  the  project  was  deferred  for  twenty-five  years. 
In  1877  the  matter  of  building  a  monument  was  again 
brought  up  by  the  Cape  Cod  Association  of  Boston, 
a  design  for  a  proposed  monument  was  drafted,  and 
there  the  matter  was  left.  Nothing  more  was  done 
for  fifteen  years,  when,  in  1892,  the  Cape  Cod  Pil- 
grim JNIemorial  Association  of  Provincetown  was 
founded  by  a  number  of  public-spirited  citizens  and 
was  incorporated  under  that  name. 

They  at  once  commenced  collecting  funds  for  the 
purpose  of  building  a  monument,  and  within  a  year 
had  collected  $1,200;  but  little  progress  was  made  for 
the  next  ten  years,  when,  in  1901,  the  matter  was 
taken  up  by  the  Pilgrim  Club  of  Brewster,  and  the 
sum  of  $95,000  has  been  collected.  From  this  place 
where  we  now  stand  the  course  of  the  Pilgrims  in 
search  of  a  home  can  be  traced,  and  in  the  distance 

71 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

can  be  seen  Plymouth,  their  first  settlement  and  their 
new  home. 


Mr.  Sears  then  introduced  Governor  Guild,  who 
spoke  briefly  in  a  historic  vein. 

With  a  graceful  reference  to  Ambassador  Bryce 
as  the  *'  beloved  representative  of  our  mother  coun- 
try," the  Governor  began  his  remarks,  and  then 
said: 

ADDRESS    OF    GOVERNOR    GUILD 
"  Remove  not  the  ancient  landmark." 

We  come  not  to  remove,  but  to  embellish. 

Cape  Cod  itself,  thrust  out  like  a  protecting  arm 
to  embrace  and  guard  the  venturesome  who  dared 
imagined  terrors  of  sea  serpent  and  kraken,  as  well 
as  real  perils  of  fog  and  tempest,  is  the  true  monu- 
ment not  to  one  ship's  crew  only,  but  to. all  the  sailor 
men  who,  one  after  the  other,  pushed  valiantly  across 
the  first  ocean  known  to  Europe  that  the  West  might 
be  added  to  the  East. 

Hitherward  were  at  least  turned  the  prows  of  St. 
Brendan  and  of  Madoc  of  Wales.  Here  did  Ice- 
lander and  Greenlander  guide  their  long  sea  snakes 
over  the  path  of  the  swans,  wondering  at  the  sand 
dunes,  which  they  called  the  long  beaches,  before  ever 
Isle  ISTauset  had  sunk  into  the  sea,  setting  up  the  keel 
of  a  wrecked  boat,  as  we  set  up  this  tower  that  Keel 

72 


Copyright  by  Jordan  Studio,  IDim; 

CURTIS    GUILD,    JR.,    GOVERNOR    OF    MASSACHUSETTS. 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

Cape,  as  they  called  it,  might  guide  the  landfall  of 
those  who  came  after  them. 

Bjarni  Herjulfsson,  Leif  Ericsson,  Thorwald, 
Thorfinn  Karlsefni,  are  followed  by  the  French  fish- 
ermen and  Cortereal,  and  these  by  Gosnold  and  John 
Smith.  Bright  in  the  sunshine  of  history,  or  veiled 
in  the  mists  of  tradition,  it  is  a  gallant  procession, 
from  the  fiery  Irish  missionary  to  the  sober  Puritan, 
who  from  the  dawn  of  history  have  started  across  the 
water  to  the  beckoning  finger  of  Cape  Cod.  Such 
were  those  who  came  but  stayed  not.  This  tower  is 
raised  at  the  outer  gate  of  the  New  World,  not  so 
much  because  the  Pilgrims  who  followed  these  pass- 
ing mariners  came  to  found  a  home  in  Massachusetts. 
The  shameless  Morton  might  have  made  that  boast 
of  Merrymount  at  WoUaston.  This  monument  rises, 
a  beacon  to  the  mariner,  because  in  this  harbor  Amer- 
ican water  first  embraced  the  ship  which,  in  a  disso- 
lute and  corrupt  age,  brought  to  Massachusetts  not 
merely  household  goods,  but  household  gods.  The 
MayfloiJcers  spiritual  cargo  was  ideals  of  chastity 
among  women  and  of  honor  among  men,  of  a  free 
government  by  a  free  people,  of  equality  of  opportu- 
nity and,  above  all,  of  ordered  liberty  under  the  law 
upon  which  men  of  their  own  race  and  men  of  other 
races  who  came  after  them  have  builded  not  one  State 
only,  but  the  United  States  of  America. 

No  Commonwealth  in  the  Union  blends  in  one 
strong  strain  the  blood  of  so  many  races  as  Massa- 

73 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

chusetts.  It  is  the  happy  fortune  of  the  United  States 
that  the  enterprising,  the  industrious,  the  alert  of  aU 
the  nations  blend  here  to  make  the  new  race,  the 
American. 

"  New  occasions  teach  new  duties : 

Time  makes  ancient  good  uncouth. 
They  must  upward  still  and  onward 

Who  would  keep  abreast  of  Truth. 
Lo,  before  us  gleam  her  camp  fires ; 

We  ourselves  must  Pilgrims  be. 
Launch  our  Mayflower  and  steer  boldly 

Through  the  desperate  winter  sea. 
Nor  attempt  the  Future's  portal 

With  the  Past's  blood-rusted  key." 

Here  should,  here  shall,  to-day  speak  the  American 
spirit  incarnate  in  a  man.  By  better  methods,  by 
broader  paths,  do  the  ancient  ideals  of  our  fathers 
still  guide  the  Republic  to  purer  air,  to  loftier  heights. 

Massachusetts  joyously  welcomes,  she  cannot  in- 
troduce, she  needs  not  to  present — The  President  of 
the  United  States. 


ADDRESS    OF    PRESIDENT    ROOSEVELT 

It  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  the  event  commemo- 
rated by  the  monument  which  we  have  come  here  to 
dedicate  was  one  of  those  rare  events  which  can  in 
good  faith  be  called  of  world  importance.  The  com- 
ing hither  of  the  Pilgrim  three  centuries  ago,  fol- 

74 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

lowed  in  far  larger  numbers  by  his  sterner  kinsmen, 
the  Puritans,  shaped  the  destinies  of  this  continent, 
and  therefore  profoundly  affected  the  destiny  of  the 
whole  world.  Men  of  other  races,  the  Frenchman 
and  the  Spaniard,  the  Dutclmian,  the  German,  the 
Scotchman,  the  Irishman,  and  the  Swede,  made  set- 
tlements within  what  is  now  the  United  States,  dur- 
ing the  colonial  period  of  our  history  and  before  the 
Declaration  of  Independence;  and  since  then  there 
has  been  an  ever-swelling  immigration  from  Ireland 
and  from  the  mainland  of  Europe;  but  it  was  the 
Englisliman  who  settled  in  Virginia  and  the  English- 
man who  settled  in  Massachusetts  who  did  most  in 
shaping  the  lines  of  our  national  development. 

We  cannot  as  a  nation  be  too  profoundly  grateful 
for  the  fact  that  the  Puritan  has  stamped  his  influ- 
ence so  deeply  on  our  national  life.  We  need  have 
but  scant  patience  with  the  men  who  now  rail  at  the 
Puritan's  faults.  They  were  evident,  of  course,  for 
it  is  a  quality  of  strong  natures  that  their  failings, 
like  their  virtues,  should  stand  out  in  bold  relief;  but 
there  is  nothing  easier  than  to  belittle  the  great  men 
of  the  past  by  dwelling  only  on  the  points  where  they 
come  short  of  the  universally  recognized  standards 
of  the  present.  INIen  must  be  judged  with  reference 
to  the  age  in  which  they  dwell  and  the  work  they 
have  to  do.  The  Puritan's  task  was  to  conquer  a 
continent;  not  merely  to  overrun  it,  but  to  settle  it, 
to  till  it,  to  build  upon  it  a  high  industrial  and  social 

75 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

life;  and  while  engaged  in  the  rough  work  of  tam- 
ing the  shaggy  wilderness,  at  that  very  time  also  to 
lay  deep  the  immovable  foundations  of  our  whole 
American  system  of  civil,  political,  and  religious  hb- 
erty  achieved  through  the  orderly  process  of  law. 
This  was  the  work  allotted  him  to  do ;  this  is  the  work 
he  did;  and  only  a  master  spirit  among  men  could 
have  done  it. 

We  have  traveled  far  since  his  day.  That  liberty 
of  conscience  which  he  demanded  for  himself,  we  now 
realize  must  be  as  freely  accorded  to  others  as  it  is 
resolutely  insisted  upon  for  ourselves.  The  splendid 
qualities  which  he  left  to  his  children,  we  other  Amer- 
icans who  are  not  of  Puritan  blood  also  claim  as  our 
heritage.  You,  sons  of  the  Puritans,  and  we,  who 
are  descended  from  races  whom  the  Puritans  would 
have  deemed  alien — we  are  all  Americans  together. 
We  all  feel  the  same  pride  in  the  genesis,  in  the  his- 
tory, of  our  people ;  and  therefore  this  shrine  of  Puri- 
tanism is  one  at  which  we  all  gather  to  pay  homage, 
no  matter  from  what  country  our  ancestors  sprang. 

We  have  gained  some  things  that  the  Puritan  had 
not — we  of  this  generation,  we  of  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury, here  in  this  great  Republic;  but  we  are  also  in 
danger  of  losing  certain  things  which  the  Puritan 
had  and  which  we  can  by  no  manner  of  means  afford 
to  lose.  We  have  gained  a  joy  of  living  which  he 
had  not,  and  which  it  is  a  good  thing  for  every 
people  to  have  and  to  develop.     Let  us  see  to  it 

76 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

that  we  do  not  lose  what  is  more  important  still; 
that  we  do  not  lose  the  Puritan's  iron  sense  of  duty, 
his  unbending,  unflinching  will  to  do  the  right  as 
it  was  given  him  to  see  the  right.  It  is  a  good 
thing  that  life  should  gain  in  sweetness,  but  only- 
provided  that  it  does  not  lose  in  strength.  Ease  and 
rest  and  pleasure  are  good  things,  but  only  if  they 
come  as  the  reward  of  work  well  done,  of  a  good 
fight  well  won,  of  strong  effort  resolutely  made  and 
crowned  by  high  achievement.  The  life  of  mere 
pleasure,  of  mere  effortless  ease,  is  as  ignoble  for  a 
nation  as  for  an  individual.  The  man  is  but  a  poor 
father  who  teaches  his  sons  that  ease  and  pleasure 
should  be  their  chief  objects  in  life;  the  woman  who 
is  a  mere  petted  toy,  incapable  of  serious  purpose, 
shrinking  from  effort  and  duty,  is  more  pitiable  than 
the  veriest  overworked  drudge.  So  he  is  but  a  poor 
leader  of  the  people,  but  a  poor  national  adviser,  who 
seeks  to  make  the  nation  in  any  way  subordinate  effort 
to  ease,  who  would  teach  the  people  not  to  prize  as 
the  greatest  blessing  the  chance  to  do  any  work,  no 
matter  how  hard,  if  it  becomes  their  duty  to  do  it. 
To  the  sons  of  the  Puritans  it  is  almost  needless  to 
say  that  the  lesson  above  all  others  which  Puritanism 
can  teach  this  nation  is  the  all-importance  of  the  reso- 
lute performance  of  duty.  If  we  are  men  we  will 
pass  by  with  contemptuous  disdain  alike  the  advisers 
who  would  seek  to  lead  us  into  the  paths  of  ignoble 
ease  and  those  who  would  teach  us  to  admire  success- 

77 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ful  wrongdoing.  Our  ideals  should  be  high,  and  yet 
they  should  be  capable  of  achievement  in  practical 
fashion;  and  we  are  as  little  to  be  excused  if  we  per- 
mit our  ideals  to  be  tainted  with  what  is  sordid  and 
mean  and  base,  as  if  we  allow  our  power  of  achieve- 
ment to  atrophy  and  become  either  incapable  of  effort 
or  capable  only  of  such  fantastic  effort  as  to  accom- 
plish nothing  of  permanent  good.  The  true  doctrine 
to  preach  to  this  nation,  as  to  the  individuals  com- 
posing this  nation,  is  not  the  life  of  ease,  but  the  life 
of  effort.  If  it  were  in  my  power  to  promise  the 
people  of  this  land  anything,  I  would  not  promise 
them  pleasure.  I  would  promise  them  that  stern 
happiness  which  comes  from  the  sense  of  having  done 
in  practical  fashion  a  difficult  work  which  was  worth 
doing. 

The  Puritan  owed  his  extraordinary  success  in 
subduing  this  continent  and  making  it  the  founda- 
tion for  a  social  life  of  ordered  liberty  primarily  to 
the  fact  that  he  combined  in  a  very  remarkable  de- 
gree both  the  power  of  individual  initiative,  of  indi- 
vidual self-help,  and  the  power  of  acting  in  combina- 
tion with  his  fellows;  and  that,  furthermore,  he  joined 
to  a  high  heart  that  shrewd  common  sense  which  saves 
a  man  from  the  besetting  sins  of  the  visionary  and  the 
doctrinaire.  He  was  stout-hearted  and  hard-headed. 
He  had  lofty  purposes,  but  he  had  practical  good 
sense,  too.  He  could  hold  his  own  in  the  rough 
workaday  world  without  clamorous  insistence  upon 

78 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

being  helped  by  others,  and  yet  he  could  combine 
with  others  whenever  it  became  necessary  to  do  a  job 
which  could  not  be  as  well  done  by  any  one  man 
individually. 

These  were  the  qualities  which  enabled  him  to  do 
his  work,  and  they  are  the  very  qualities  which  we 
must  show  in  doing  our  work  to-day.  There  is  no 
use  in  our  coming  here  to  pay  homage  to  the  men 
who  founded  this  nation  unless  we  first  of  all  come 
in  the  spirit  of  trying  to  do  our  work  to-day  as  they 
did  their  work  in  the  yesterdays  that  have  vanished. 
The  problems  shift  from  generation  to  generation, 
but  the  spirit  in  w^hich  they  must  be  approached,  if 
they  are  to  be  successfully  solved,  remains  ever  the 
same.  The  Puritan  tamed  the  wilderness,  and  built 
up  a  free  government  on  the  stump-dotted  clearings 
amid  the  primeval  forest.  His  descendants  must  try 
to  shape  the  life  of  our  complex  industrial  civiliza- 
tion by  new  devices,  by  new  methods,  so  as  to  achieve 
in  the  end  the  same  results  of  justice  and  fair  deal- 
ing toward  all.  He  cast  aside  nothing  old  merely  for 
the  sake  of  innovation,  yet  he  did  not  hesitate  to 
adopt  anything  new  that  would  serve  his  purpose. 
When  he  planted  his  commonwealths  on  this  rugged 
coast  he  faced  wholly  new  conditions  and  he  had  to 
devise  new  methods  of  meeting  them.  So  we  of  to- 
day face  wholly  new  conditions  in  our  social  and 
industrial  life.  We  should  certainly  not  adopt  any 
new  scheme  for  grappling  with  them  merely  because 

79 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

it  is  new  and  untried ;  but  we  cannot  afford  to  shrink 
from  grappling  with  them  because  they  can  only  be 
grappled  with  by  some  new  scheme. 

The  Puritan  was  no  Laodicean,  no  laissez-faire 
theorist.  When  he  saw  conduct  which  was  in  viola- 
tion of  his  rights — of  the  rights  of  man,  the  rights  of 
God,  as  he  understood  them — he  attempted  to  regu- 
late such  conduct  with  instant,  unquestioning  prompt- 
ness and  effectiveness.  If  there  was  no  other  way  to 
secure  conformity  with  the  rule  of  right,  then  he 
smote  down  the  transgressor  with  the  iron  of  his 
wrath.  The  spirit  of  the  Puritan  was  a  spirit  which 
never  shrank  from  regulation  of  conduct  if  such  regu- 
lation was  necessary  for  the  public  weal;  and  this  is 
the  spirit  which  we  must  show  to-day  whenever  it  is 
necessary. 

The  utterly  changed  conditions  of  our  national  life 
necessitate  changes  in  certain  of  our  laws,  of  our 
governmental  methods.  Our  federal  system  of  gov- 
ernment is  based  upon  the  theory  of  leaving  to  each 
community,  to  each  State,  the  control  over  those 
things  which  affect  only  its  own  members  and  which 
the  people  of  the  locality  themselves  can  best  grapple 
with,  while  providing  for  national  regulation  in  those 
matters  which  necessarily  affect  the  nation  as  a  whole. 
It  seems  to  me  that  such  questions  as  national  sov- 
ereignty and  state's  rights  need  to  be  treated  not 
empirically  or  academically,  but  from  the  standpoint 
of  the  interests  of  the  people  as  a  whole.    National 

80 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

sovereignty  is  to  be  upheld  in  so  far  as  it  means  the 
sovereignty  of  the  people  used  for  the  real  and  ulti- 
mate good  of  the  people;  and  state's  rights  are  to  be 
upheld  in  so  far  as  they  mean  the  people's  rights. 
Especially  is  this  true  in  dealing  with  the  relations 
of  the  people  as  a  whole  to  the  great  corporations 
which  are  the  distinguishing  feature  of  modern  busi- 
ness conditions. 

Experience  has  shown  that  it  is  necessary  to  exer- 
cise a  far  more  efficient  control  than  at  present  over 
the  business  use  of  those  vast  fortunes,  chiefly  corpo- 
rate, which  are  used  (as  under  modern  conditions 
they  almost  invariably  are)  in  interstate  business. 
When  the  Constitution  was  created  none  of  the  con- 
ditions of  modern  business  existed.  They  are  wholly 
new  and  we  must  create  new  agencies  to  deal  effect- 
ively wath  them.  There  is  no  objection  in  the  minds 
of  this  people  to  any  man's  earning  any  amount  of 
money  if  he  does  it  honestly  and  fairly;  if  he  gets  it 
as  the  result  of  special  skill  and  enterprise,  as  a  re- 
ward of  ample  service  actually  rendered.  But  there 
is  a  growing  determination  that  no  man  shall  amass 
a  great  fortune  by  special  privilege,  by  chicanery  and 
wrongdoing,  so  far  as  it  is  in  the  power  of  legislation 
to  prevent ;  and  that  a  fortune,  however  amassed,  shall 
not  have  a  business  use  that  is  antisocial.  IMost  large 
corporations  do  a  business  that  is  not  confined  to  any 
one  State.  Experience  has  shown  that  the  effort  to 
control  these  corporations  by  mere  State  action  can- 

81 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

not  produce  wliolesome  results.  In  most  cases  such 
effort  fails  to  correct  the  real  abuses  of  which  the  cor- 
poration is  or  may  be  guilty;  while  in  other  cases  the 
effort  is  apt  to  cause  either  hardship  to  the  corpora- 
tion itself,  or  else  hardship  to  neighboring  States 
which  have  not  tried  to  grapple  with  the  problem  in 
the  same  manner;  and  of  course  we  must  be  as  scru- 
pulous to  safeguard  the  rights  of  the  corporations  as 
to  exact  from  them  in  return  a  full  measure  of  justice 
to  the  public.  I  believe  in  a  national  incorporation 
law  for  corporations  engaged  in  interstate  business. 
I  believe,  furthermore,  that  the  need  for  action  is 
most  pressing  as  regards  those  corporations  which, 
because  they  are  common  carriers,  exercise  a  quasi- 
public  function;  and  which  can  be  completely  con- 
trolled, in  all  respects  by  the  Federal  Government, 
by  the  exercise  of  the  power  conferred  under  the  inter- 
state-commerce clause,  and,  if  necessary,  under  the 
post-road  clause,  of  the  Constitution.  During  the 
last  few  years  we  have  taken  marked  strides  in  ad- 
vance along  the  road  of  proper  regulation  of  these 
railroad  corporations;  but  we  must  not  stop  in  the 
work.  The  National  Government  should  exercise 
over  them  a  similar  supervision  and  control  to  that 
which  it  exercises  over  national  banks.  We  can  do 
this  only  by  proceeding  farther  along  the  lines  marked 
out  by  the  recent  national  legislation. 

In  dealing  with  any  totally  new  set  of  conditions 
there  must  at  the  outset  be  hesitation  and  experiment. 

82 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

Such  has  been  our  experience  in  dealing  with  the 
enormous  concentration  of  capital  employed  in  inter- 
state business.  Not  only  the  legislatures  but  the 
courts  and  the  people  need  gradually  to  be  educated 
so  that  they  may  see  what  the  real  wrongs  are  and 
what  the  real  remedies.  Almost  every  big  business 
concern  is  engaged  in  interstate  commerce,  and  such 
a  concern  must  not  be  allowed  by  a  dexterous  shift- 
ing of  position,  as  has  been  too  often  the  case  in  the 
past,  to  escape  thereby  all  responsibility  either  to 
State  or  to  nation.  The  American  people  became 
firmly  convinced  of  the  need  of  control  over  these 
great  aggregations  of  capital,  especially  where  they 
had  a  monopolistic  tendency,  before  they  became  quite 
clear  as  to  the  proper  way  of  achieving  the  control. 
Through  their  representatives  in  Congress  they  tried 
two  remedies,  which  were  to  a  large  degree,  at  least 
as  interpreted  by  the  courts,  contradictory.  On  the 
one  hand,  under  the  antitrust  law  the  effort  was  made 
to  prohibit  all  combination,  whether  it  was  or  was  not 
hurtful  or  beneficial  to  the  public.  On  the  other 
hand,  through  the  interstate  commerce  law  a  begin- 
ning was  made  in  exercising  such  supervision  and 
control  over  combinations  as  to  prevent  their  doing 
anything  harmful  to  the  body  politic.  The  first  law, 
the  so-called  Sherman  law,  has  filled  a  useful  place, 
for  it  bridges  over  the  transition  period  until  the 
American  people  shall  definitely  make  up  its  mind 
that  it  will  exercise  over  the  great  corporations  that 

83 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

thoroughgoing  and  radical  control  which  it  is  certain 
ultimately  to  find  necessary.  The  principle  of  the 
Sherman  law  so  far  as  it  prohibits  combinations  which, 
whether  because  of  their  extent  or  of  their  character, 
are  harmful  to  the  public  must  always  be  preserved. 
Ultimately,  and  I  hope  with  reasonable  speed,  the 
National  Government  must  pass  laws  which,  while 
increasing  the  supervisory  and  regulatory  power  of 
the  Government,  also  permits  such  useful  combina- 
tions as  are  made  with  absolute  openness  and  as  the 
representatives  of  the  Government  may  previously 
approve.  But  it  will  not  be  possible  to  permit  such 
combinations  save  as  the  second  stage  in  a  course  of 
proceedings  of  which  the  first  stage  must  be  the  ex- 
ercise of  a  far  more  complete  control  by  the  National 
Government. 

In  dealing  with  those  who  offend  against  the  anti- 
trust and  interstate  commerce  laws  the  Department 
of  Justice  has  to  encounter  many  and  great  difficul- 
ties. Often  men  who  have  been  guilty  of  violating 
these  laws  have  really  acted  in  criminal  fashion,  and 
if  possible  should  be  proceeded  against  criminally; 
and  therefore  it  is  advisable  that  there  should  be  a 
clause  in  these  laws  providing  for  such  criminal 
action,  and  for  punishment  by  imprisonment  as  well 
as  by  fine.  But,  as  is  well  known,  in  a  criminal  action 
the  law  is  strictly  construed  in  favor  of  the  defendant, 
and  in  our  country,  at  least,  both  judge  and  jury  are 
far  more  inclined  to  consider  his  rights  than  they  are 

84 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

the  interests  of  the  general  pubhc,  while  in  addition  it 
is  always  true  that  a  man's  general  practices  may  be 
so  bad  that  a  civil  action  will  lie  when  it  may  not  be 
possible  to  convict  him  of  any  one  criminal  act.  There 
is  unfortunately  a  certain  number  of  our  fellow  coun- 
trymen who  seem  to  accept  the  view  that  unless  a  man 
can  be  proved  guilty  of  some  particular  crime  he  shall 
be  counted  a  good  citizen,  no  matter  how  infamous 
the  life  he  has  led,  no  matter  how  pernicious  his  doc- 
trines or  his  practices.  This  is  the  view  announced 
from  time  to  time  with  clamorous  insistence,  now  by 
a  group  of  predatory  capitalists,  now  by  a  group  of 
sinister  anarchistic  leaders  and  agitators,  whenever  a 
special  champion  of  either  class,  no  matter  how  evil 
his  general  life,  is  acquitted  of  some  one  specific 
crime.  Such  a  view  is  wicked  whether  applied  to 
capitalist  or  labor  leader,  to  rich  man  or  poor  man 
(and,  by  the  way,  I  take  this  opportunity  of  stating 
that  all  that  I  have  said  in  the  past  as  to  desirable 
and  undesirable  citizens  remains  true,  and  that  I 
stand  by  it). 

We  have  to  take  this  feeling  into  account  when 
we  are  debating  whether  it  is  possible  to  get  a  con- 
viction in  a  criminal  proceeding  against  some  rich 
trust  magnate,  many  of  whose  actions  are  severely 
to  be  condemned  from  the  moral  and  social  stand- 
point, but  no  one  of  whose  actions  seems  clearly  to 
establish  such  technical  guilt  as  will  insure  a  convic- 
tion. As  a  matter  of  expediency,  in  enforcing  the 
7  85 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

law  against  a  great  corporation,  we  have  continually 
to  weigh  the  arguments  pro  and  con  as  to  whether  a 
prosecution  can  successfully  be  entered  into,  and  as 
to  whether  we  can  be  successful  in  a  criminal  action 
against  the  chief  individuals  in  the  corporation,  and 
if  not,  whether  we  can  at  least  be  successful  in  a  civil 
action  against  the  corporation  itself.  Any  effective 
action  on  the  part  of  the  Government  is  always  ob- 
jected to,  as  a  matter  of  course,  by  the  wrongdoers, 
by  the  beneficiaries  of  the  wrongdoers,  and  by  their 
champions;  and  often  one  of  the  most  effective  ways 
of  attacking  the  action  of  the  Government  is  by  ob- 
jecting to  practical  action  upon  the  ground  that  it 
does  not  go  far  enough.  One  of  the  favorite  devices 
of  those  who  are  really  striving  to  prevent  the  enforce- 
ment of  these  laws  is  to  clamor  for  action  of  such 
severity  that  it  cannot  be  undertaken  because  it  will 
be  certain  to  fail  if  tried.  An  instance  of  this  is  the 
demand  often  made  for  criminal  prosecutions  where 
such  prosecutions  would  be  certain  to  fail.  We  have 
found  by  actual  experience  that  a  jury  which  will 
gladly  punish  a  corporation  by  fine,  for  instance,  will 
acquit  the  individual  members  of  that  corporation  if 
we  proceed  against  them  criminally  because  of  those 
very  things  which  the  corporation  which  they  direct 
and  control  has  done.  In  a  recent  case  against  the 
Licorice  Trust  we  indicted  and  tried  the  two  corpo- 
rations and  their  respective  presidents.  The  con- 
tracts and  other  transactions  establishing  the  guilt 

86 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

of  the  corporations  were  made  through,  and  so  far  as 
they  were  in  writing  were  signed  by,  the  two  presi- 
dents. Yet  the  jury  convicted  the  two  corporations 
and  acquitted  the  two  men.  Both  verdicts  could  not 
possibly  have  been  correct;  but  apparently  the  aver- 
age juryman  wishes  to  see  trusts  broken  up,  and  is 
quite  ready  to  fine  the  corporation  itself;  but  is  very 
reluctant  to  find  the  facts  "  proven  beyond  a  reason- 
able doubt "  when  it  comes  to  sending  to  jail  a 
reputable  member  of  the  business  community  for 
doing  what  the  business  community  has  unhappily 
grown  to  recognize  as  well-nigh  normal  in  business. 
Moreover,  under  the  necessary  technicalities  of  crim- 
inal proceedings,  often  the  only  man  who  can  be 
reached  criminally  will  be  some  subordinate  who  is 
not  the  real  guilty  party  at  all. 

Many  men  of  large  wealth  have  been  guilty  of 
conduct  which  from  the  moral  standpoint  is  criminal, 
and  their  misdeeds  are  to  a  peculiar  degree  reprehen- 
sible, because  those  committing  them  have  no  excuse 
of  want,  of  poverty,  of  weakness  and  ignorance  to 
offer  as  partial  atonement.  When  in  addition  to 
moral  responsibility  these  men  have  a  legal  responsi- 
bility which  can  be  proved  so  as  to  impress  a  judge 
and  jury,  then  the  Department  will  strain  every 
nerve  to  reach  them  criminally.  Where  this  is  impos- 
sible, then  it  will  take  whatever  action  will  be  most 
effective  under  the  actual  conditions. 

In  the  last  six  years  we  have  shown  that  there  is 

87 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

no  individual  and  no  corporation  so  powerful  that  he 
or  it  stands  above  the  possibility  of  punishment  under 
the  law.  Our  aim  is  to  try  to  do  something  effective ; 
our  purpose  is  to  stamp  out  the  evil;  we  shall  seek 
to  find  the  most  effective  device  for  this  purpose,  and 
we  shall  then  use  it,  whether  the  device  can  be  found 
in  existing  law  or  must  be  supplied  by  legislation. 
Moreover,  when  we  thus  take  action  against  the 
wealth  which  works  iniquity,  we  are  acting  in  the 
interest  of  every  man  of  property  who  acts  decently 
and  fairly  by  his  fellows,  and  we  are  strengthening 
the  hands  of  those  who  propose  fearlessly  to  defend 
property  against  all  unjust  attacks.  No  individual, 
no  corporation,  obeying  the  law  has  anything  to  fear 
from  this  Administration. 

During  the  present  trouble  with  the  stock  market 
I  have,  of  course,  received  countless  requests  and 
suggestions,  public  and  private,  that  I  should  say  or 
do  something  to  ease  the  situation.  There  is  a  world- 
wide financial  disturbance;  it  is  felt  in  the  bourses  of 
Paris  and  Berlin;  and  British  consols  are  lower  than 
for  a  generation,  while  British  railway  securities  have 
also  depreciated.  On  the  New  York  Stock  Exchange 
the  disturbance  has  been  peculiarly  severe.  Most  of 
it  I  believe  to  be  due  to  matters  not  peculiar  to  the 
United  States,  and  most  of  the  remainder  to  matters 
wholly  unconnected  with  any  governmental  action; 
but  it  may  well  be  that  the  determination  of  the  Gov- 
ernment (in  which,  gentlemen,  it  wiU  not  waver)  to 

88 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

punish  certain  malefactors  of  great  wealth  has  been 
responsible  for  something  of  the  trouble;  at  least  to 
the  extent  of  having  caused  these  men  to  combine  to 
bring  about  as  much  financial  stress  as  possible,  in 
order  to  discredit  the  policy  of  the  Government  and 
thereby  secure  a  reversal  of  that  policy,  so  that  they 
may  enjoy  unmolested  the  fruits  of  their  own  evil- 
doing.  That  they  have  misled  many  good  people 
into  believing  that  there  should  be  such  reversal  of 
poHcy  is  possible.  If  so  I  am  sorry;  but  it  will  not 
alter  my  attitude.  Once  for  all  let  me  say  that,  so 
far  as  I  am  concerned,  and  for  the  eighteen  months 
of  my  Presidency  that  remain,  there  will  be  no  change 
in  the  policy  we  have  steadily  pursued,  no  let  up  in 
the  effort  to  secure  the  honest  observance  of  the  law; 
for  I  regard  this  contest  as  one  to  determine  who 
shall  rule  this  free  country — the  people  through  their 
govenmiental  agents  or  a  few  ruthless  and  domineer- 
ing men,  w^hose  wealth  makes  them  peculiarly  for- 
midable, because  they  hide  behind  the  breastworks  of 
corporate  organization.  I  wish  there  to  be  no  mis- 
take on  this  point;  it  is  idle  to  ask  me  not  to  prose- 
cute criminals,  rich  or  poor.  But  I  desire  no  less 
emphatically  to  have  it  understood  that  we  have  sanc- 
tioned, and  will  sanction,  no  action  of  a  vindictive 
type,  and  above  all  no  action  which  shall  inflict  great 
and  unmerited  suffering  upon  innocent  stockholders 
or  upon  the  public  as  a  whole.  Our  purpose  is  to 
act  with  the  minimum  of  harshness  compatible  with 

89 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

attaining  our  ends.  In  the  man  of  great  wealth  who 
has  earned  his  wealth  honestly  and  uses  it  wisely  we 
recognize  a  good  citizen  of  the  best  type,  worthy  of 
all  praise  and  respect.  Business  can  only  be  done 
under  modern  conditions  through  corporations,  and 
our  purpose  is  heartily  to  favor  the  corporations  that 
do  well.  The  Administration  appreciates  that  liberal 
but  honest  profits  for  legitimate  promoting,  good 
salaries,  ample  salaries,  for  able  and  upright  man- 
agement, and  generous  dividends  for  capital  em- 
ployed either  in  founding  or  continuing  wholesome 
business  ventures,  are  the  factors  necessary  for  suc- 
cessful corporate  activity  and  therefore  for  generally 
prosperous  business  conditions.  All  these  are  com- 
patible with  fair  dealing  as  between  man  and  man 
and  rigid  obedience  to  the  law.  Our  aim  is  to  help 
every  honest  man,  every  honest  corporation,  and  our 
policy  means  in  its  ultimate  analysis  a  healthy  and 
prosperous  expansion  of  the  business  activities  of  hon- 
est business  men  and  honest  corporations. 

I  very  earnestly  hope  that  the  legislation  which 
deals  with  the  regulation  of  corporations  engaged  in 
interstate  business  will  also  deal  with  the  rights  and 
interests  of  the  wageworkers  employed  by  those  cor- 
porations. Action  was  taken  by  the  Congress  last 
year  limiting  the  number  of  hours  that  railway  em- 
ployees should  be  employed.  The  law  is  a  good  one ; 
but  if  in  practice  it  proves  necessary  to  strengthen  it, 
it  must  be  strengthened.     We  have  now  secured  a 

90 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

national  employers'  liability  law;  but  ultimately  a 
more  far-reaching  and  thoroughgoing  law  must  be 
passed.  It  is  monstrous  that  a  man  or  woman  who  is 
crippled  in  an  industry,  even  as  the  result  of  taking 
what  are  the  necessary  risks  of  the  occupation,  should 
be  required  to  bear  the  whole  burden  of  the  loss. 
That  burden  should  be  distributed  and  not  placed 
solely  upon  the  weakest  individual,  the  one  least  able 
to  carry  it.  By  making  the  employer  liable,  the  loss 
will  ultimately  be  distributed  among  all  the  benefici- 
aries of  the  business. 

I  also  hope  that  there  will  be  legislation  increasing 
the  power  of  the  National  Government  to  deal  with 
certain  matters  concerning  the  health  of  our  people 
everywhere;  the  Federal  authorities,  for  instance, 
should  join  A\dth  all  the  State  authorities  in  warring 
against  the  dreadful  scourge  of  tuberculosis.  Your 
own  State  government,  here  in  Massachusetts,  de- 
serves high  praise  for  the  action  it  has  taken  in  these 
public  health  matters  during  the  last  few  years;  and 
in  this,  as  in  some  other  matters,  I  hope  to  see  the 
National  Government  stand  abreast  of  the  foremost 
State  governments. 

I  have  spoken  of  but  one  or  two  laws  which,  in  my 
judgment,  it  is  advisable  to  enact  as  part  of  the  gen- 
eral scheme  for  making  the  interference  of  the  Na- 
tional Government  more  effective  in  securing  justice 
and  fair  dealing  as  between  man  and  man  here  in  the 
United  States.     Let  me  add,  however,  that  while  it 

91 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

is  necessary  to  have  legislation  when  conditions  arise 
Avhere  we  can  only  cope  with  evils  through  the  joint 
action  of  all  of  us,  yet  that  we  can  never  afford  to 
forget  that  in  the  last  analysis  the  all-important  fac- 
tor for  each  of  us  must  be  his  own  individual  char- 
acter. It  is  a  necessary  thing  to  have  good  laws, 
good  institutions ;  but  the  most  necessary  of  all  things 
is  to  have  a  high  quality  of  individual  citizenship. 
This  does  not  mean  that  we  can  afford  to  neglect  leg- 
islation. It  will  be  highly  disastrous  if  we  permit  our- 
selves to  be  misled  by  the  pleas  of  those  who  see  in  an 
unrestricted  individualism  the  all-sufficient  panacea 
for  social  evils ;  but  it  will  be  even  more  disastrous  to 
adopt  the  opposite  panacea  of  any  socialistic  system 
which  would  destroy  all  individualism,  which  would 
root  out  the  fiber  of  our  whole  citizenship.  In  any 
great  movement,  such  as  that  in  which  we  are  en- 
gaged, nothing  is  more  necessary  than  sanity,  than 
the  refusal  to  be  led  into  extremes  by  the  advocates 
of  the  ultra  course  on  either  side.  Those  professed 
friends  of  liberty  who  champion  license  are  the  worst 
foes  of  hberty  and  tend  by  the  reaction  their  violence 
causes  to  throw  the  Government  back  into  the  hands 
of  the  men  who  champion  corruption  and  tyranny  in 
the  name  of  order.  So  it  is  with  this  movement  for 
securing  justice  toward  all  men,  and  equality  of  op- 
portunity so  far  as  it  can  be  secured  by  governmental 
action.  The  rich  man  who  with  hard  arrogance  de- 
clines to  consider  the  rights  and  the  needs  of  those 

92 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

who  are  less  well  off,  and  the  poor  man  who  excites 
or  indulges  in  envy  and  hatred  of  those  who  are  bet- 
ter off,  are  alike  alien  to  the  spirit  of  our  national 
life.  Each  of  them  should  learn  to  appreciate  the 
baseness  and  degradation  of  his  point  of  view,  as  evil 
in  the  one  case  as  in  the  other.  There  exists  no  more 
sordid  and  unlovely  type  of  social  development  than 
a  plutocracy,  for  there  is  a  peculiar  unwholesomeness 
in  a  social  and  governmental  ideal  where  wealth  by 
and  of  itself  is  held  up  as  the  greatest  good.  The 
materialism  of  such  a  view,  whether  it  finds  its  ex- 
pression in  the  life  of  a  man  who  accumulates  a  vast 
fortune  in  ways  that  are  repugnant  to  every  instinct 
of  generosity  and  of  fair  dealing,  or  whether  it  finds 
its  expression  in  the  vapidly  useless  and  self-indulgent 
life  of  the  inheritor  of  that  fortune,  is  contemptible  in 
the  eyes  of  all  men  capable  of  a  thrill  of  lofty  feeling. 
Where  the  power  of  the  law  can  be  wisely  used  to 
prevent  or  to  minimize  the  acquisition  or  business 
employment  of  such  wealth  and  to  make  it  pay  by 
income  or  inheritance  tax  its  proper  share  of  the  bur- 
den of  government,  I  would  invoke  that  power  with- 
out a  moment's  hesitation. 

But  while  we  can  accomplish  something  by  legis- 
lation, legislation  can  never  be  more  than  a  part,  and 
often  no  more  than  a  small  part,  in  the  general  scheme 
of  moral  progress;  and  crude  or  vindictive  legisla- 
tion may  at  any  time  bring  such  progress  to  a  halt. 
Certain  socialistic  leaders  propose  to  redistribute  the 

93 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

world's  goods  by  refusing  to  thrift  and  energy  and 
industry  their  proper  superiority  over  folly  and  idle- 
ness and  sullen  envy.  Such  legislation  would  merely, 
in  the  words  of  the  president  of  Columbia  Univer- 
sity, "  wreck  the  world's  efficiency  for  the  purpose  of 
redistributing  the  world's  discontent."  We  should 
all  of  us  work  heart  and  soul  for  the  real  and  perma- 
nent betterment  which  will  lift  our  democratic  civil- 
ization to  a  higher  level  of  safety  and  usefulness. 
Such  betterment  can  come  only  by  the  slow,  steady 
growth  of  the  spirit  which  metes  a  generous,  but  not 
a  sentimental,  justice  to  each  man  on  his  merits  as  a 
man,  and  which  recognizes  the  fact  that  the  highest 
and  deepest  happiness  for  the  individual  lies  not  in 
selfishness  but  in  service. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  President's  address.  Presi- 
dent Sears  alluded,  in  a  graceful  manner,  to  the  warm 
fraternal  relations  which  exist  between'  our  nation 
and  the  mother  country,  and  especially  to  the  feel- 
ings of  personal  regard  felt  by  the  whole  American 
people  toward  one  who  so  thoroughly  understands 
our  institutions  as  the  author  of  "  The  American 
Commonwealth,"  and  closed  by  introducing  the  Right 
Honorable  James  Bryce,  Ambassador  of  Great  Brit- 
ain to  the  United  States.  Ambassador  Bryce  was 
very  warmly  received  by  the  great  audience  present. 


94 


RT.    HOX.   JAMES   BRYCE,   BRITISH    AMBASSADOR   TO   THE 
UNITED   STATES. 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

ADDRESS    OF    AMBASSADOR    BRYCE 

First  let  me  thank  you,  in  behalf  of  the  sovereign 
and  the  people  whom  I  am  honored  by  being  deputed 
to  represent  in  the  United  States,  for  the  invitation 
to  join  in  the  celebration  to-day  of  a  great  event.  It 
is  fitting  that  the  ancient  motherland,  whence  came 
the  settlers  whom  you  commemorate,  should  be  re- 
membered here  and  should  send  you  her  greeting. 

These  colonists  were  men  of  the  right  stamp  to 
settle  and  develop  a  new  country.  England  gave 
you  of  her  best,  and  she  gave  them  in  a  great  crisis 
of  her  own  fate. 

She  has  ever  since  watched  the  fortunes  of  their 
descendants,  marking  their  growing  greatness,  and 
never  with  more  pride,  more  sympathy,  and  more 
affection  than  she  does  to-day. 

Many  of  you  may  remember  to  have  seen  some- 
where on  the  coasts  of  Massachusetts  or  Maine  a 
rainbow  stretching  from  one  island  to  another,  and 
seeming  to  make  a  radiant  bridge  from  land  to  land. 
It  is  a  beautiful  sight,  and  still  more  beautiful  when 
the  rainbow  is  a  double  one. 

In  this  shape  of  a  double  rainbow,  bridging  the 
ocean  from  England  to  America,  there  presents  itself 
to  me  the  double  settlement  of  this  continent,  by  the 
men  who  founded  Virginia  and  the  men  who  founded 
IMassachusetts. 

The  rainbow  is  the  symbol  of  hope,  and  America 

95 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

the  land  of  hope.  Over  this  bridge  of  hope  millions 
have  passed  from  Europe  hither,  and  it  is  in  the  spirit 
of  hope  for  the  future  of  a  land  so  blessed  by  Provi- 
dence as  yours  that  we  of  England  send  our  hearty 
greetings. 

Much  has  been  said — indeed,  little  has  been  left  un- 
said— in  praise  of  the  Pilgrim  fathers,  for  this  coun- 
try is  fertile  in  celebrations,  and  I  cannot  hope  to  say 
anything  new  about  them.  But  every  man  must 
speak  of  a  thing  as  it  strikes  him. 

I  ask  myself,  when  I  think  of  these  exiles  coming 
to  make  their  home  on  what  was  then  a  bleak  and 
desert  shore:  What  was  it  that  brought  them  thither? 
Was  it  love  of  civil  liberty?  They  loved  civil  liberty, 
but  it  was  not  mainly  for  the  sake  of  that  liberty  that 
they  came,  nor  indeed  had  the  great  struggle  yet 
begun  when  they  quitted  England  to  spend  those 
years  in  friendly  Holland  which  preceded  their  voy- 
age hither.    Was  it  for  love  of  religious  liberty? 

Not  at  any  rate  for  a  general  freedom  of  con- 
science and  freedom  to  all  to  think  and  speak  and 
teach  as  they  would,  for  the  proclamation  of  that  gen- 
eral freedom  had  not  yet  been  made  by  its  noble 
apostle,  Roger  Williams. 

What  they  did  desire  and  what  brought  them  here 
was  the  wish  to  worship  God  in  the  way  they  held  to 
be  the  right  way.  It  was  loyalty  to  truth  and  to  duty 
that  moved  them  to  quit  their  English  homes  and 
friends  and  face  the  rigors  of  a  winter  far  harsher 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

than  their  own,  in  an  untrodden  land,  where  enemies 
lurked  in  trackless  forests. 

No  one  hoped  to  find  gold  in  Massachusetts.  No 
one  hoped  for  that  fountain  of  youth  which  Ponce  de 
Leon  had  sought  in  Florida  a  century  before.  No 
one  dreamed  of  the  mighty  State  which  was  to  grow 
out  of  the  tiny  settlement. 

Not  in  the  thirst  for  gold;  not  in  the  passion  for 
adventure;  not  for  the  sake  of  dominion,  but  in  faith 
and  in  duty  were  laid  the  foundation  of  the  Colony 
and  State  of  JNIassachusetts. 

Is  not  this  what  their  settlement  means  to  us  now 
after  three  hundred  years?  Faith  and  duty,  when 
mated  to  courage,  for  without  courage  they  avail  lit- 
tle, are  the  most  solid  basis  on  which  the  greatness  of 
a  nation  can  rest.  The  strength  of  a  State  lies  in 
the  characters  of  its  citizens. 

It  is  a  far  cry  from  Massachusetts  to  Italy,  but 
when  I  think  of  these  forefathers  of  yours,  with  their 
plain,  stern  lives  and  steadfast  wills,  I  am  reminded 
of  the  famous  line  in  which  the  great  Roman  poet  says 
that  it  was  in  the  austere  simplicity  of  her  olden  days 
and  the  strong  men  she  reared  that  the  might  of  Rome 
dwelt. 

Moribus  antiquis  stat  res  Romana  virisque. 

Such  men  were  your  forefathers.  They  were  hewn 
from  the  same  rock  as  those  soldiers  of  Cromwell, 
some  of  whom  were  doubtless  their  kinsfolk,  before 

97 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

whom  every  enemy  went  down,  and  to  whom  was 
fitly  applied  that  verse  from  the  Psalms :  "  Let  the 
praises  of  God  be  in  their  mouths  and  a  two-edged 
sword  in  their  hands." 

They  were  men  of  a  bold  and  independent  spirit, 
but  they  knew  the  value  of  law,  and  bound  themselves 
to  one  another  by  a  solemn  compact  signed  in  the 
cabin  of  their  ship;  a  compact  by  which  each  prom- 
ised obedience  to  the  lawful  rule  of  the  community. 

Many  generations  have  come  and  gone  since  the 
little  Mayflower  lay  rocking  in  yonder  bay,  with  the 
Pilgrim  mothers  and  sisters  looking  out  wistfully  over 
the  then  lonely  waters,  and  the  children,  cooped  up 
for  many  a  weary  week,  asking  when,  at  last,  they 
would  be  put  on  shore. 

Many  things  have  come  to  pass,  both  in  England 
and  here,  which  those  grave,  grim  ancestors  of  yours 
might  disapprove,  good  and  necessary  as  you  and  we 
may  think  them.  But  one  thing  remains  as  true  now 
as  it  was  then. 

The  fearless  man  who  loves  truth  and  obeys  duty 
is  the  man  who  prevails  and  whose  work  endures. 
The  State  which  has  such  men,  and  to  which  such  men 
are  glad  to  render  devoted  service  in  war  as  in  peace, 
grows  to  be  the  great  State.  Those  men  bequeathed 
to  you  traditions  which  have  been  helpful  to  you  ever 
since  in  many  an  hour  of  need,  and  will  be  helpful  to 
you  while  your  Republic  stands. 

You  are  setting  the  corner  stone  of  a  building  to 

98 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

commemorate  those  who  laid  the  foundations  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  an  event  worthy  of 
everlasting  memory.  Yet,  in  a  sense,  no  monument 
piled  high  in  stone  is  needed. 

It  was  said  by  a  famous  statesman  of  antiquity 
that  "  the  whole  earth  is  the  tomb  of  illustrious  men." 
So  the  land  which  the  descendants  of  these  settlers 
have  covered  with  flourishing  towns  and  in  which 
they  themselves  planted  the  first  seeds  of  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  government  is  itself  their  most  enduring 
monument. 

In  their  darkest  days  one  wrote  to  them  from  Eng- 
land: "  Let  it  not  be  grievous  unto  you  that  you  have 
been  instruments  to  break  the  ice  for  others.  The 
honor  shall  be  yours  to  the  world's  end."  That  shall 
be  yours  to  the  world's  end.  That  honor  has  been 
theirs  and  will  be  theirs. 

From  Cape  Cod  here  beside  you  to  Cape  Flattery 
on  the  far-off  shores  of  the  Pacific,  cornfields  and 
mines  and  railroads,  populous  cities  and  State  houses, 
wdiere  legislatures  meet,  and  courts  where  justice  is 
dispensed,  all  bear  witness  to  the  men  w  ho  here  began 
the  w^ork  of  civilizing  a  continent  and  establishing  in 
it  a  government  rooted  from  the  first,  and  rooted 
deep,  in  the  principles  of  liberty. 

The  ambassador  was  followed  by  Hon.  Henry 
Cabot  Lodge,  senior  Senator  for  IVIassachusetts,  who 
was  introduced  briefly  by  President  Sears. 

99 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ADDRESS    OF    HON.    HENRY    CABOT    LODGE 

Nearly  three  hundred  years  ago  a  little  band  of 
English  people  anchored  their  ship  in  yonder  bay. 
They  were  humble  folk  for  the  most  part.  They  had 
fled  from  their  pleasant  places  in  Lincolnshire  and 
Yorkshire  because  they  would  not  yield  their  relig- 
ious beliefs.  Their  families  had  been  broken,  they 
had  been  harried  to  the  water's  edge  by  English  horse- 
men, they  had  found  asylum  in  Holland  and  lived  for 
thirteen  years  at  Amsterdam  and  Leyden. 

Then  to  preserve  at  once  their  religion,  race,  and 
language,  they  had  made  their  way  across  the  stormy 
waters  of  the  north  Atlantic  and  paused  here  to  search 
for  a  fitting  place  to  settle.  They  were  true  settlers,  for 
they  brought  with  them  their  families,  wives,  children, 
and  servants.  Those  who  came  to  Jamestown  and 
held  on  there  in  grim  perseverance  were  all  men  at 
the  outset,  adventurers  in  that  age  of  adventurers, 
seekers  of  sudden  wealth,  searchers  for  Eldorado, 
which  beckoned  so  many  of  that  generation  to  de- 
struction. 

These  Mayflower  exiles  had  also  strong  within  them 
the  adventurous  spirit  of  the  Elizabethans,  the  per- 
fect readiness  so  common  in  that  time  to  face  the  un- 
known with  a  fine  indifference  to  peril,  hardship,  and 
death.  Yet  they  came  not  as  adventurers  or  treas- 
ure seekers,  but  to  enter  in  and  take  possession  of 
the  great  new  world,  to  live  and  make  their  homes 

100 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

here  and  worship  God  in  freedom  after  their  own 
fashion. 

All  this  makes  their  coming  memorable  and  gives 
them  a  distinction  which  will  never  fade,  but  it  is  not 
for  those  qualities  which  went  with  them  to  the  end 
that  we  raise  a  monument  here.  This  monument  does 
not  mark  the  first  enduring  settlement  among  those 
from  which  has  sprung  the  United  States.  That 
honor  belongs  to  Jamestown. 

The  first  settlement  of  New  England  was  planted 
by  these  same  people  at  Plymouth,  not  here.  The 
beginnings  of  the  great  Puritan  colony  were  at  Cape 
Ann  and  Salem  and  Boston.  The  men  who  had  shat- 
tered the  power  of  Spain  and  built  a  great  and  free 
commonwealth  on  fens  and  marshlands,  laid  their 
corner  stone  at  New  York. 

The  followers  of  Gustavus  Adolphus  placed  theirs 
by  the  shores  of  the  Delaware,  and  all  else  was  after- 
wards but  a  continuation  and  expansion  from  these 
first  great  landmarks  of  discovery  and  conquest. 

This  bay  was  but  a  resting  place,  where  the  Pil- 
grims, as  gentle  custom  and  pleasant  tradition  call 
them,  paused  for  a  moment  in  their  onward  course. 
If  it  were  not  for  one  fact  there  would  be  no  reason 
to  single  this  out  from  the  many  places  at  which  their 
exploring  parties,  by  land  and  water,  stopped  while 
they  were  looking  for  a  spot  where  they  could  stay 
and  build  their  homes. 

But  those  men  in  that  little  vessel,  on  that  short 

8  101 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

November  day,  with  the  wilderness  all  about  them, 
perhaps  with  a  pale  ghost  of  the  dead  summer  haunt- 
ing the  air,  and  the  early  autumn  sunset  flooding  the 
water  with  yellow  light,  did  something  which,  after 
eight  generations  have  come  and  gone,  men  are  not 
willing  to  forget. 

It  was  a  deed  so  memorable  that  State  and  nation 
join  to  commemorate  it  and  mark  the  place,  so  that 
it  may  ever  be  known  to  those  who  pass  this  way. 
Yet  it  was  a  very  simple  deed.  Merely  signing  a 
compact  that  they  would  form  a  government,  obey 
the  laws  hereafter  to  be  made,  and  carry  out  the  pur- 
pose of  their  coming.     .,  . 

Even  more  significant  was  the  fact  that  all  the  men 
signed  it.  This  Compact  did  not  establish  represen- 
tative government.  That  was  to  come  later  and  was 
something  entirely  familiar  to  all  Englishmen. 

It  was  not  the  beginning  of  representative  govern- 
ment on  this  continent.  That  had  taken, place  the  year 
before,  when  the  Virginia  burgesses  were  summoned 
by  the  Governor,  in  accordance  with  the  terms  of  a 
charter  prepared  in  England.  The  men  in  the  May- 
flower were  called  to  their  task  by  no  governor  and 
their  compact  was  not  drawn  in  England,  but  here. 

It  was  their  own  work,  and  the  brief  sentences 
enclose  two  very  memorable  principles,  quite  original 
and  destined  to  have  many  imitations.  I  hesitate  to 
say  that  the  Compact  of  the  Mayflower  was  the  first 
of  written  constitutions,  because  if  I  did  so  I  am  cer- 

102 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

tain  that  I  should  be  deluged  with  examples  of  what 
might  pass  for  written  constitutions  from  the  year 
1620  back  to  the  ruins  of  Nippur  and  the  royal  tombs 
of  Egypt. 

When  we  are  told  that  one  of  the  most  famous  sen- 
tences of  St.  Paul  comes  from  Menander,  and  when 
we  know  that  the  proverb,  "  Jack  of  all  trades  and 
master  of  none,"  is  to  be  found  in  the  Homeric  poem, 
"  ]\Iargites,"  it  is  not  prudent  to  assert  that  anything 
is  original,  or  is  uttered  now,  or  was  uttered  even  hun- 
dreds of  years  ago,  for  the  first  time. 

Yet  I  think  it  may  be  safely  asserted  that  this  Com- 
pact of  the  Mayflower,  expanded  later  into  what  was 
known  as  the  "  Fundamentals,"  is  the  first  in  the  long 
line  of  written  constitutions  with  which  modern  times 
have  become  so  familiar. 

It  is  the  tiny  spring  far  up  on  the  mountain  side, 
which,  bubbling  from  the  soil,  can  only  be  traced  with 
difficulty  through  grass  and  moss  and  fern,  until  it 
widens  into  a  brook,  and  then  at  last  into  the  stately 
river  moving  forward  to  find  rest  in  lake  or  ocean. 
The  Compact  of  the  Mayflower  was  not  the  edict 
of  a  ruler,  or  an  overlord's  recognition  or  grant  of 
rights  and  privileges.  It  contained  no  dearly  bought 
and  long-cherished  customs  of  liberties  sanctified  and 
ripened  by  tradition. 

It  was  the  voluntary  and  original  act  of  those  who 
signed  it,  and  it  embodied  two  great  principles  or 
ideas. 

103 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

The  first  was  that  the  people  themselves  joined  in 
making  the  compact  each  with  the  other.  The  sec- 
ond principle  was  that  this  agreement  thus  made  was 
the  organic  law  or  constitution,  to  be  changed  only  in 
great  stress  and  after  submission  to  the  entire  body 
politic  and  with  the  utmost  precaution. 

It  was  to  be  the  higher  law  of  the  community  with 
which  all  other  laws  and  statutes  must  harmonize  and 
accord. 

The  democratic  character  of  the  Compact  is  both 
prophetic  of  America  and  memorable  to  us,  but  de- 
mocracy was  destined  to  find  expression  in  many 
ways  in  the  future  as  in  the  past,  in  the  new  world  as 
in  the  old.  There  is  no  need  to  dwell  upon  it,  for  it 
was  to  enter  upon  a  conquering  march,  which  in  three 
centuries  would  reach  over  all  the  world  of  western 
civilization,  and  which  is  even  yet  unstayed. 

The  other  principle  of  an  organic  written  law  vol- 
untarily agreed  to  was  at  once  newer  and  more  orig- 
inal, as  well  as  less  understood,  although  its  conse- 
quences have  been  profound  and  far-reaching  to  an 
almost  unexampled  degree. 

Europe  at  that  time  had  not  got  beyond  the  idea 
of  customs,  liberties,  charters  or  privileges  conferred 
upon  certain  towns,  or  provinces,  or  localities,  recog- 
nized by  kings,  emperors,  or  feudal  chiefs,  and  dearly 
maintained  by  the  people  for  whose  protection  in  cer- 
tain limited  directions  they  were  designed. 

In  England,  certain  great  charters,  declarations, 

104 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

statutes,  and  customs  were  the  bulwarks  which  were 
to  defend  English  liberty,  but  twenty  years  were  to 
elapse  before  their  powers  were  to  be  called  forth,  and 
more  than  a  century  before  they  were  to  take  shape 
in  the  conception  of  the  British  constitution,  at  once 
so  infinitely  valuable  and  so  remarkably  ill  defined. 

The  Compact  of  the  Mayflower  took  the  idea  of  a 
fundamental  or  organic  law,  created  for  the  protec- 
tion of  those  who  made  it  and  embodied  it  in  the  form 
of  one  written  instrument.  The  force  and  worth  of 
this  great  conception  have  been  attested  since  by 
almost  countless  constitutions  of  governments,  both 
at  home  and  abroad. 

Many  have  failed,  either  through  their  own  short- 
comings or  the  unfitness  of  those  who  tried  to  make 
them  work.  Many  others  have  succeeded.  They 
flourish  to-day  among  all  the  nations  of  Western  civ- 
ilization; the  principle  has  been  adopted  by  Japan, 
and  is  striven  for  by  Russia;  they  are  universal  in 
both  American  continents  for  States  and  nations 
alike,  and  they  find  their  masterpiece  in  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  United  States. 

Nothing  is  farther  from  my  thought  than  to  trace 
here  the  growth  of  what  is  now  universally  called  con- 
stitutional government.  That  is  work  for  historians, 
with  volumes  at  their  command,  not  for  a  brief  address 
of  commemoration. 

I  desire  merely  to  say  a  few  words  as  to  the  great 
conception  of  a  written  organic  law,  of  a  law  embody- 

105 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ing  certain  fundamental  principles,  to  which  all  other 
laws  must  submit  and  conform,  which  was  brought 
forth  by  the  handful  of  simple  and  earnest  men  gath- 
ered together  in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower. 

That  conception  has  lasted  for  three  hundred  years, 
a  short  time  in  the  history  of  the  race,  but  long  enough 
to  make  it  appear  old  to  those  who  wish  to  alter  or 
destroy  all  that  exists  and  who  reverse  the  maxim  of 
**  Candide  "  and  think  that  everything  is  wrong  in  the 
worst  of  all  possible  worlds. 

It  is  as  absurd  to  object  to  something  merely  be- 
cause it  is  old,  as  to  assume  that  everything  is  bad 
solely  because  it  is  new.  The  pessimistic  reformer, 
who  would  change  everything,  and  the  moss-covered 
reactionary,  who  would  change  nothing,  really  stand 
very  near  together. 

The  via  media  here,  as  so  often  elsewhere,  is  the 
only  road  safe  to  travel,  and  is  the  one  which  leads 
us  not  to  misty  abstractions,  but  to  a  definite  visible 
goal.  The  unreasoning  Tory  and  the  unreasoning 
Radical  play  into  each  others'  hands,  and  are  alike  to 
be  shunned.  How  constantly  do  we  hear  it  said  that 
present  conditions  cannot  endure  and  that  we  must 
advance  toward  Socialism,  the  new  theory  which  is  to 
solve  all  problems  and  wipe  away  all  tears! 

Socialism  is  bad,  and  I  for  one  am  utterly  opposed 
to  it;  but  I  am  not  opposed  to  it  because  it  is  new, 
for,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  it  is  very  old.  It  is  at  least 
as  old  in  theory  as  the  time  of  Plato,  2500  years 

106 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

ago,  and  the  Circumcellions  of  the  fifth  century,  who 
tried  to  put  it  in  practice,  were  one  of  the  sore  plagues 
of  the  later  Roman  empire. 

Socialism  is  to  be  resisted  on  grounds  more  relative 
than  novelty  or  antiquity,  because  it  defies  both  hu- 
man nature  and  the  most  rudimentary  facts,  and 
because  its  track  in  history,  whenever  it  has  been  par- 
tially attempted,  has  been  marked  by  disorder,  dark- 
ness, and  misery. 

On  the  other  hand,  I  have  no  sympathy  with  those 
who  blindly  and  bitterly  resist  all  efforts  to  deal  with 
the  corporations,  and  especially  with  the  railroads 
which  modern  economic  forces  have  brought  into  ex- 
istence. New  and  complex  conditions  have  arisen, 
demanding  new  laws.  Novelty  is  not  the  argument 
either  for  or  against  the  control  and  regulation  of  the 
railroads. 

They  must  be  regulated  and  controlled  because 
they  and  other  great  corporations  represent  a  new 
and  colossal  force  in  the  body  politic  and  economic 
for  which  no  provision  was  made  by  those  who  went 
before,  simply  because  the  forces  and  dangers  which 
the  present  times  have  brought  forth  did  not  then 
exist.  *'  New  occasions  teach  new  duties,"  and  new 
problems  must  receive  new  answers. 

It  is  as  fatal  to  stand  like  dumb,  driven  cattle,  help- 
less and  inert,  before  the  new  problems,  as  to  cast  to 
the  winds  the  solutions  of  the  old  ones  and  reject  all 
the  lessons  of  experience.     Successful  nations,  like 

107 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

successful  men,  are  those  who  know  how  to  profit  by 
the  experience  of  others. 

This  may  be  called  opportunism,  but  by  whatever 
name  it  is  called,  it  has  been,  and  it  is,  the  path  of 
achievement  and  success.  The  abolitionists  of  seventy 
years  ago  did  great  work,  no  doubt,  but  if  those  of 
them  who  denounced  the  Constitution  and  favored 
secession  had  had  their  way  the  Union  would  be  in 
fragments  and  slavery  would  still  survive. 

The  men  who  brought  slavery  to  its  end  fought 
their  battle  within  the  limits  of  the  Constitution.  The 
man  who  saved  the  Union  and  emancipated  the  slaves 
was  Abraham  Lincoln,  Whig  and  Republican,  not 
Wendell  Phillips,  the  abolitionist,  who  assailed  him. 

The  way,  therefore,  to  meet  our  new  questions  is 
by  holding  fast  to  the  great  underlying  principles 
which  have  been  our  stay  and  salvation  in  all  our 
trials,  great  and  small,  while  at  the  same  time  we  ex- 
tend them  by  new  laws  or  constitutional  amendments 
to  cope  with  new  conditions. 

One  of  the  oldest  of  these  principles  is  to  be  found 
in  the  Compact  of  the  Mayflower.  That  principle  is 
that,  at  the  foundation  of  every  government,  there 
shaU  be  an  organic  law  adopted  by  all  the  people 
which  cannot  be  overridden  by  any  less  authority  and 
to  which  all  laws  and  all  officers  of  the  government 
shall  be  subject. 

In  that  organic  and  fundamental  law  our  fathers 
embodied  the  great  basic  principles  upon  which  they 

108 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

believed  human  liberty  rested,  and  by  which  thej-^  felt 
sure  that  popular  rights  would  alone  be  preserved. 
They  guarded  against  the  rigidity  of  the  traditional 
Spartan  code  by  the  method  of  deliberate  amend- 
ment and  by  giving  the  power  of  interpretation  to 
the  courts,  in  whose  hands  ample  flexibility  has  been 
obtained.  They  made  the  process  of  change  in  the 
organic  law  both  slow  and  difficult,  for  they  wished 
that  organic  law  to  stand  as  a  barrier  against  the 
passion  and  clamor  of  the  moment.  They  sought  to 
make  it  certain  that  there  should  always  be  time  to 
appeal  from  the  heated  crowd  of  the  market  place 
to  the  quiet  firesides  of  the  people,  in  the  long,  cool 
evenings,  when  there  is  an  hour  for  thought. 

I  have  a  profound  faith  in  the  American  people. 
I  believe  we  shall  meet  and  solve  the  new  problems, 
for  this  is  at  once  the  path  of  safety  and  the  only  in- 
telligent conservatism ;  but  we  must  face  them  all  fear- 
lessly and  shrink  from  none. 

And  I  also  believe  that  a  peril  quite  equal  to  that 
born  of  stagnation  and  reaction  will  come  in  these 
complex,  changing  times,  not  from  a  failure  to  ad- 
vance, but  from  a  disregard  of  the  old  landmarks, 
from  an  impatience  with  the  institutions  we  have  in- 
herited and  which  at  times  seem  to  retard  action. 

Therefore  w^ould  I  say,  hold  fast  to  that  which  is 
good,  and  among  the  things  which  are  best  I  find  the 
doctrine  of  the  Mayflower  that  there  shall  be  a  broad, 
simple  organic  law,  which  no  other  law  must  cross, 

109 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

and  which  the  courts  alone  can  finally  interpret,  and 
which  all  men,  from  the  highest  to  the  lowest,  must 
obey. 

Under  that  theory  of  government  we  have  pre- 
served the  sober  freedom  and  the  ordered  liberty 
which  have  been  the  glory  of  the  Republic.  Under 
that  theory  we  have  never  failed  to  meet  new  ques- 
tions or  great  ordeals  as  they  have  come  upon  us.  The 
Mayflower  conception  of  an  organic  law  has  never 
barred  the  march  of  progress,  and  never  will. 

But  its  abandonment  would  solve  no  problem  and 
would  lead  us  far  from  all  paths,  in  a  wild  pursuit  of 
strange  gods.  Where  constitutional  government  has 
existed  and  where  constitutions  have  been  observed 
and  obeyed,  there  popular  rights  have  been  guarded 
and  liberty  has  been  safe. 

The  little  company  of  the  Mayflower,  pathetic  in 
their  weakness  and  suffering,  imposing  and  trium- 
phant in  what  they  did,  has  belonged  to  tjie  ages  these 
many  years.  The  work  they  wrought  has  endured, 
and  we  would  not  barter  their  inheritance  for  the 
heritage  of  kings.  But  that  which  was  greatest  in 
their  work  was  the  conception  of  the  organic  law  em- 
bodied in  the  Compact,  a  conception  full  of  wisdom 
and  patience,  prefiguring  a  commonwealth  in  which 
order  and  progress  were  to  go  hand  in  hand. 

In  whatever  we  change  or  whatever  we  lay  aside, 
let  us  never  abandon  that  reverence  for  law  and  for 
the  constitution,  higher  than  all  States  or  statutes, 

110 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

which  has  been  the  great  protector  of  our  liberties  and 
the  guardian  of  our  Republic.  Then  we  may  say 
without  reserve,  in  the  words  of  the  motto  which  the 
city  of  the  Puritans  placed  upon  her  seal,  "  Sicut 
patribus  sit  Deus  nobis." 

Hon.  William  C.  Lovering,  a  representative  in 
Congress  from  Massachusetts,  was  the  last  formal 
speaker. 

ADDRESS    OF    CONGRESSMAN    LOVERING 

Mr.  President: 

It  is  far  from  my  purpose  to  sound  a  false  or  dis- 
cordant note  to  jar  upon  the  ears  of  this  goodly  com- 
pany, but  if  what  I  have  to  say  shall  strike  a  minor 
key,  let  it  be  remembered  that  the  truest  and  closest 
harmony  is  written  in  the  minor. 

On  an  occasion  like  this  it  is  but  natural  to  fall  into 
a  reminiscent  mood  and  to  compare  the  past  with  the 
present.  In  making  the  contrast  it  is  popular  to  set 
every  advantage  dowTi  to  the  credit  of  the  present. 
Is  this  a  just  claim,  however? 

While  there  is  sufficient  reverence  in  our  hearts  to 
bring  us  to  this  honored  spot,  and  to  move  us  to  raise 
a  monument  to  commemorate  the  work  of  those  hardy 
Christian  pioneers  who  framed  that  historic  Compact, 
the  simplest  code  that  was  ever  designed  to  govern  a 
people,  yet  do  we  complacently  point  with  pride  to 
our  modern  jurisprudence  as  being  a  monument  to 

111 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

our  superior  intelligence  and  to  all  of  those  virtues 
that  contribute  to  the  making  of  a  good  and  great 
republic.  Is  this  a  fair  comparison?  Is  this  per- 
fectly true  to  them  and  to  ourselves?  I  think  not. 
Simple  as  was  their  code,  it  sufficed,  and  they  obeyed 
it  in  spirit  and  in  letter.  How  is  it  to-day  with  us? 
Alas! 

We  are  in  too  many  respects  a  nation  of  lawbreak- 
ers. What  good  are  all  the  laws  in  the  world  if  they 
be  not  obeyed?  We  are  forever  busy  making  laws. 
We  are  forever  busy  stopping  the  crevices  to  keep  out 
crime.  Too  many  of  our  laws  are  like  old  hats  which 
stop  up  the  window  to  keep  out  the  weather. 

What  with  the  Federal  and  State  legislation,  we 
have  multiplied  our  laws  until  no  man  can  count  them. 
I  applied  to  the  Department  of  Justice  to  learn  how 
many  laws  were  on  our  statute  books,  and  was  told 
that  it  was  impossible  to  estimate  them. 

We  have  multiplied  our  lawyers  until  they  are  fall- 
ing over  each  other  in  their  strife  for  business. 

Congress  is  a  great  law  factory  to  turn  out  new 
statutes  and  to  repair  broken  and  worn-out  laws. 
State  legislatures  are  vying  with  Congress  and  each 
other  in  the  number  of  laws  that  they  shall  place  on 
their  statute  books. 

Laws,  laws,  laws !  Every  way  we  turn  we  are  met 
by  laws.  And  while  all  this  lawmaking  is  going  on, 
the  greatest  legal  talent  in  the  country  is  employed 
at  the  highest  prices  to  find  ways  to  evade  the  law. 

112 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

Their  efforts  are  to  get  around,  or  under,  or  through 
the  law,  rather  than  to  secure  obedience  to  the  law. 
The  late  Sidney  Bartlett  said  to  a  client,  "  You  want 
me  to  show  you  how  to  do  an  illegal  thing  in  a  legal 
way." 

There  is  more  ability  employed  to  break  the  laws 
than  to  make  them.  I  say  this  without  presuming  to 
disparage  the  three  hundred  and  seventeen  lawyers  in 
the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  numbering 
four  hundred  and  seventy-six  members,  for  I  believe 
the  lawyers  to  be  the  ablest  and  most  useful  members 
in  Congress;  but  is  it  not  the  fact  that  we  have  too 
much  legislation,  too  many  laws,  and  that  there  is  too 
little  disposition  to  observe  them?  Certain  it  is  we 
have  too  little  power  to  enforce  them.  Justice  is 
tardy,  or  comes  not  at  all. 

Is  there  a  nation  on  earth  where  justice  is  so  slow 
as  in  the  United  States?  Too  much  legislation  cheap- 
ens the  law.  Too  much  legislation  attenuates  and 
impairs  the  vigor  of  the  law.  Fewer  laws,  promptly 
and  vigorously  enforced,  would  diminish  crime. 

While  we  have  three  times  the  population  we  had 
fifty  years  ago,  a  thousandfold  more  laws,  and  a  hun- 
dred times  more  lawyers,  we  have  no  more  courts,  few 
more  judges,  and  but  a  few  more  prosecuting  and 
executive  officers  to  enforce  the  law.  What  wonder 
that  crime  stalks  abroad  by  day  and  night!  What 
wonder  that  there  were  more  than  a  hundred  thou- 
sand homicides  in  the  last  ten  years,  and  that  they  are 

113 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

increasing  each  year!  What  wonder  that  gigantic 
corporations  employ  their  enormous  wealth  and  the 
highest  legal  talent  to  strain  the  laws  to  their  utmost  I 
What  wonder  that  ill-gotten  fortunes  menace  the  lib- 
erties of  the  people! 

What  shall  be  said  of  the  morals  of  a  business  com- 
munity when  it  practically  demands  assurance  that 
criminals  shall  not  be  arraigned,  and  when  the  assur- 
ance that  a  criminal  will  not  be  prosecuted  gives  con- 
fidence in  stock-market  values? 

What  shall  be  said  of  men  who  exult  in  the  im- 
munity of  a  lawbreaker?  What  shall  be  said  of  men 
whose  greed  for  gain  has  so  blunted  their  consciences 
that  they  have  come  to  look  upon  the  law  as  only  a 
restraint  upon  their  liberties? 

If  the  monument  whose  foundation  we  are  laying 
to-day  shall  stand  for  nothing  else,  it  will  certainly 
remind  us  and  future  generations  that  respect  for  the 
law  and  the  rights  of  others  is  the  corner  stone  of  a 
civil  government. 

It  is  well  that  we  should  come  here  to-day  and  be 
reminded  that  there  were  times  when  the  minds  of 
men  had  no  thought  of  the  law  but  to  observe  it ;  that 
there  were  times  when  fear  of  the  law  went  hand  in 
hand  with  respect  for  the  law;  that  there  were  times 
when  success  did  not  condone  crime. 

I  do  not  wish  to  be  understood  as  making  a  whole- 
sale condemnation.  The  people  in  the  main  are  hon- 
est.   There  is  such  a  thing  as  a  public  conscience,  and 

114 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

when  the  people  are  aroused  they  are  as  true  as  steel 
to  vindicate  the  right,  so  that  in  spite  of  all  the  ras- 
cals, inside  and  outside  the  penitentiary,  we  do  not 
despair  of  a  great  and  happy  future  for  the  glorious 
republic. 

The  addresses  of  the  day  were  followed  by  the  for- 
mal ceremony  of  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone.  This 
was  performed  by  the  Grand  JNIaster  of  Masons  in 
Massachusetts,  Most  Worshipful  J.  Albert  Blake, 
assisted  by  the  officers  and  many  of  the  members  of 
the  Grand  Lodge,  in  all  numbering  nearly  one  hun- 
dred. The  officers  and  members  were  arrayed  in  the 
full  regalia  of  the  Order.  As  the  Grand  Lodge  as- 
sembled, forming  a  circle  about  the  stone,  the  Grand 
JNIarshal,  Melvin  ]M.  Johnson,  conveyed  to  President 
Roosevelt  and  Governor  Guild  an  invitation  to  assist 
him  in  laying  the  corner  stone.  Both  readily  accepted 
the  invitation,  and  on  joining  the  circle  about  the 
stone,  both  being  members  of  the  Masonic  Order,  they 
were  invested  by  the  Grand  Marshal  with  the  purple- 
bordered  apron.  A  formal  request  to  the  Grand 
INIaster  to  proceed  with  the  ceremony  of  laying  the 
stone  was  then  made  by  President  Sears,  to  which  the 
Grand  Master  responded: 

"  From  time  immemorial  it  has  been  the  custom  of 
the  Ancient  and  Honorable  Fraternity  of  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons,  when  requested  so  to  do,  to  lay, 
with  ancient  forms,  the  corner  stones  of  buildings 

115 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

erected  for  the  worship  of  God,  for  charitable  or  edu- 
cational objects,  and  for  the  purposes  of  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice  and  free  government. 

"This  corner  stone  we  may,  therefore,  lay  in 
accordance  with  our  law;  and  thus  testifying  our 
appreciation  of  the  duties  and  privileges  of  liberty 
regulated  by  law  and  our  respect  for  duly  constituted 
authority,  we  shall  proceed  in  accordance  with  ancient 
usage. 

"As  the  first  duty  of  Masons,  in  any  undertaking, 
is  to  invoke  the  blessing  of  the  Great  Architect  upon 
their  work,  we  will  unite  with  our  Grand  Chaplain  in 
reading  a  lesson  from  the  Holy  Scriptures  and  in  an 
address  to  the  throne  of  Grace." 

The  following  texts  of  Scripture  were  read  re- 
sponsively  by  the  Grand  Chaplain,  Rev.  W.  H. 
Rider,  D.D.,  of  Gloucester,  and  by  the  brethren  in 
unison : 

Grand  Chaplain. — Bless  the  Lord,  O  my  soul. 
O  Lord,  my  God,  Thou  art  very  great;  Thou  art 
clothed  with  honor  and  majesty. — Ps.  104,  v.  1, 

Brethren. — Thou,  O  Lord,  shalt  endure  forever, 
and  Thy  remembrance  unto  all  generations. — Ts.  102, 
V.  12. 

Grand  Chaplain. — Thou  shalt  arise  and  have 
mercy  upon  Zion;  for  the  time  to  favor  her,  yea,  the 
set  time  is  come. — Vs.  102,  v.  13. 

Brethren. — For  Thy  servants  take  pleasure  in  her 
stones,  and  favor  the  dust  thereof. — Ps.  102,  v.  14-. 

116 


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THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

Grand  Chaplain. — Where  wast  thou  when  I  laid 
the  foundation  of  the  earth?  Declare,  if  thou  hast 
understanding. — Job  28,  v.  4. 

Brethren. — Who  hath  laid  the  measures  thereof, 
if  thou  knowest?  or  who  hath  stretched  the  line  upon 
it?— Jo&  38,  V.  5. 

Grand  Chaplain. — Whereupon  are  the  founda- 
tions thereof  fastened?  or  who  laid  the  corner  stone 
thereof  ?—Jo&  38,  v.  6, 

Brethren. — When  the  morning  stars  sang  to- 
gether, and  all  the  sons  of  God  shouted  for  joy. — 
Job  38,  V.  7. 

Grand  Chaplain. — Is  it  time  for  you,  O  ye,  to 
dwell  in  your  ceiled  houses,  and  this  house  lie  waste? 
Thus  saith  the  Lord  of  Hosts,  Go  up  to  the  mountain 
and  bring  wood  and  build  the  house;  and  I  will  take 
pleasure  in  it,  and  I  will  be  glorified,  saith  the  Lord. 
— Haggai  1,  vs.  A,  7,  8. 

Brethren. — Ye  also,  as  lively  stones  are  built  up 
a  spiritual  house,  an  holy  priesthood,  to  offer  up 
spiritual  sacrifices  acceptable  unto  God. — 1  Peter 
2,  V.  5. 

Grand  Chaplain. — Therefore  thus  saith  the  Lord 
God,  Behold,  I  lay  in  Zion  for  a  foundation  a  stone, 
a  tried  stone,  a  precious  corner  stone,  a  sure  founda- 
tion; he  that  believeth  shall  not  make  haste.  Judg- 
ment also  will  I  lay  to  the  line  and  righteousness  to 
the  plummet. — Isaiah  28,  vs.  16,  17. 

Brethren. — Open    to    me    the   gates    of    right- 
9  117 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

eousness.  I  will  go  into  them  and  I  will  praise  the 
Lord. — Ps.  118,  V.  19.  Honor  and  majesty  are 
before  Him;  strength  and  beauty  are  in  His  sanc- 
tuary.— Ps.  96,  V.  6. 

Grand  Chaplain. — Except  the  Lord  build  the 
house,  they  labor  in  vain  that  build  it;  except  the 
Lord  keep  the  city,  the  watchman  waketh  but  in  vain. 
—Ps.  127,  V.  1. 

Brethren. — One  generation  shall  praise  Thy 
works  to  another,  and  shall  declare  Thy  mighty  acts. 
They  shall  abundantly  utter  the  memory  of  Thy  great 
goodness,  and  shall  sing  of  Thy  righteousness. — Ps. 
1A5,  vs.  Jt,  7. 

Grand  Chaplain. — O  come,  let  us  worship  and 
bow  down,  let  us  kneel  before  the  Lord,  our  Maker. 
— Ps.  95,  V.  6. 

Brethren. — For  He  is  our  God,  and  we  are  the 
people  of  His  pasture,  and  the  sheep  of  His  hand. — 
Ps.  95,  V.  7. 

Grand  Chaplain. — Sing  unto  the  Lord,  bless  His 
name;  show  forth  His  salvation  from  day  to  day. — 
Ps.  96,  V.  2. 

Brethren. — All  Thy  works  shall  praise  Thee, 
O  Lord;  and  Thy  saints  shall  bless  Thee. — Ps. 
145,  V.  10.  Yea  they  shall  sing  in  the  ways  of  the 
Lord;  for  great  is  the  glory  of  the  Lord. — Ps.  138, 
V.  5. 

The  following  prayer  was  then  offered  by  the 
Grand  Chaplain: 

118 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

"  Holy  and  creative  Light,  beam  on  us  and  on  this 
Undertaking !  O  Thou,  in  whom  our  Fathers  trusted ! 
Thou  who  didst  guide  them  over  seas  into  a  strange 
land,  until  in  Thy  name  they  laid  the  foundation 
stones  of  this  God-fearing  Government,  help  us  to 
put  our  trust  in  Thee !  Inspire  all  that  we  may  wisely 
plan,  with  strength,  build,  and  in  beauty  raise  this 
column  of  gratitude  for  Thy  goodness  unto  our 
American  forbears,  And  Thine  shall  be  the  glory. 
Amen." 

After  the  prayer,  the  following  hymn  was  sung  by 
the  Harvard  Quartet,  of  Boston: 

HYMN,    TO    THE    GLORY    OF    OUR    PILGRIM 
FATHERS 

On  topmost  rock,  near  Ocean's  wild  domain, 
Where  tempest-echoes  wake  the  moaning  sea — 

Where  e'en  the  frighten'd  bird  seeks  rest  again. 
We  raise,  great  God,  this  tower  of  Faith  in  Thee  I 

A  pillar  of  light  forever  let  it  stand. 

To  teach  our  children  to  bless  the  Pilgrim  band. 

Pile  rock  on  rock,  till  firm  as  nature's  core 
Or  rock  of  ages,  on  its  mountain  home — 

'Twill  meet  old  Ocean  in  its  wildest  roar, 

And  stand  triumphant  countless  years  to  come, 

A  pillar  of  light  forever  let  it  be. 

To  inspire  with  Hope  this  land  of  liberty. 

119 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

When  storm-winds  howl  around  thy  granite  side, 
Or  sing  a  requiem  o'er  the  ocean  grave ; 

When  waves  roll  high  and  swell  the  rising  tide, 
Be  thou  a  beacon  brave  to  warn  and  save! 

A  tower  of  strength  forever  let  it  stand, 

Model  for  the  Love  that  lends  a  helping  hand. 

Pillar  of  light,  like  that  of  ancient  time, 
Which  marshal'd  Israel  on  its  weary  way. 

Be  the  tribute,  in  gratitude  sublime. 

To  the  Faith  and  Hope  and  Love  of  the  proud  day 

When  from  the  Mayflower's  cabin  first  did  shine 

Liberty's  gladsome  light,  by  true  grace  divine. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  prayer,  the  response  by 
the  brethren,  "  So  Mote  it  Be,"  and  the  hymn  by  the 
quartet,  the  Grand  Master  directed  the  Grand  Treas- 
urer, Right  Worshipful  Charles  H.  Ramsay,  to  read 
the  list  of  papers  and  documents  contained  in  a  box 
of  copper,  to  be  deposited  within  the  corner  stone. 
The  Grand  Treasurer  complied,  and  read  the  follow- 
ing list: 

Contents  of  the  Box  Placed  Under  the  Corner  Stone  of  the 
Pilgrim  Memorial  Monument  at  Provincetown. 

Copy  of  Bradford's  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation,  contrib- 
uted by  the  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts. 

Copy  of  the  Manual  of  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  for 
the  year  1907. 

120 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

Copy  of  the  Inaugural  Address  of  His  Excellency,  Governor 
Curtis  Guild,  Jr.,  1907. 

Address  of  Governor  Curtis  Guild,  Jr.,  at  the  Hall  of  Fame^ 
New  York  University,  Memorial  Day,  1907. 

Proceedings  of  the  Most  Worshipful  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons 
in  Massachusetts,  1907. 

Constitutions  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  A.  F.  and  A.  M.  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Town  Records  and  Reports  of  the  Town  of  Provincetown  for 
the  year  1906. 

Bylaws  and  Rules  of  the  Town  of  Provincetown. 

Order  of  Exercises  for  Memorial  Day  in  Provincetown,  May 
SO,  1907. 

Warrant  for  special  Town  Meeting  at  Provincetown,  July  l6, 
1907. 

Advertising  folder  of  Cape  Cod  Steamship  Company,  contain- 
ing a  cut  of  the  Monument  when  completed. 

Souvenir  Brochure  of  Provincetown — "  Provincetown,  the  Tip 
of  the  Cape." 

Copy  of  Book  entitled  "  Cape  Cod,  the  Right  Arm  of  Mas- 
sachusetts," by  Charles  F.  Swift,  presented  by  Charles  W. 
Swift. 

Photographic  Portrait  of  President  Roosevelt  bearing  his  au- 
tograph. 

Constitution  of  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association. 

Copy  of  the  Pilgrim  Compact. 

Copy  of  the  Act  of  Congress,  making  appropriations  toward 
the  erection  of  the  Monument. 

Copy  of  the  Resolve  of  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts 
making  appropriations  toward  the  erection  of  the  monument. 

Photographic  Portrait  of  His  Excellency,  Curtis  Guild,  Jr., 
Governor  of  the  Commonwealth,  bearing  his  autograph. 

List  of  Contributors  to  the  fund  for  the  erection  of  the  Monu- 
ment. 

121  ft 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    IVIONUMENT 

Photographic  Portrait  of  Captain  J.  Henry  Sears,  President 
of  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association. 

Copy  of  Engraved  Invitation  issued  to  guests  on  the  occasion 
of  the  laying  of  the  Corner  Stone  of  the  Pilgrim  Memorial 
Monument. 

List  of  Officers  of  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association 
for  1907. 

Copies  of  Boston  Post  for  January  25  and  June  30,  1907, 
containing  illustrated  articles  on  the  Monument. 

Autographic  list  of  members  of  the  Boston  Marine  Society. 

Manual  for  the  Boston  Marine  Society. 

Review  of  Steps  Taken  to  Procure  Suitable  Design  for  Monu- 
ment, and  the  Final  Arrangements  for  the  Building  of  the  Same. 

Seventh  Annual  Report  of  the  United  Fruit  Company. 

Copy  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  contributed  by  the  Massachusetts 
Bible  Society. 

The  box  was  of  solid  copper,  cast  without  seam  and 
closed  by  a  close-fitting  cover  of  the  same  metal,  se- 
curely sealed.  The  box  was  ten  by  twelve  inches  in 
size,  with  a  depth  of  nine  inches.  Upon  the  top  was 
painted  the  motto — 

DEO   PATRIBUSQUE. 

Beneath  this  motto  was  the  Masonic  square  and  com- 
passes. The  box  was  placed,  with  due  solemnity, 
within  a  cavity  cut  in  the  lower  side  of  the  stone  and 
securely  wedged.  The  Grand  Master,  taking  the 
trowel,  the  Deputy  Grand  Master  the  square,  the 
Senior  Grand  Warden  the  level,  and  the  Junior 
Grand  Warden  the  plumb,  they  assumed  their  proper 
positions  around  the  stone — the  Grand  Master  at  the 

122 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

east,  his  Deputy  on  his  right,  the  Senior  Grand  War- 
den at  the  west,  and  the  Junior  Grand  Warden  at  the 
south. 

The  Grand  Master  then  spread  the  cement  upon  a 
portion  of  the  foundation  beneath  the  stone,  passing 
the  trowel  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 
President  Roosevelt  followed  the  example  of  the 
Grand  Master,  spreading  a  portion  of  the  cement, 
and  passed  the  trowel  to  Governor  Guild.  Before 
resuming  his  place  the  President  graciously  shook 
hands  with  the  operative  workmen  assisting  in  the 
work.  Governor  Guild  next  spread  the  cement,  pass- 
ing the  trowel  in  turn  to  President  Sears,  of  the 
Monument  Association,  and  he  to  Past  Master  A. 
P.  Hannum,  representing  King  Hiram  Lodge,  of 
Provincetown.  The  Grand  Master  then  directed  the 
craftsmen  to  lower  the  stone,  which  was  done  in  three 
motions — first,  by  lowering  a  few  inches  and  stop- 
ping, when  the  public  Grand  Honor  was  given  by  the 
brethren  by  a  clasping  of  the  arms  about  the  body 
and  a  low  bow.  The  stone  was  then  lowered  a  second 
time,  and  two  Grand  Honors  were  given.  It  was 
then  lowered  to  its  place  upon  the  foundation,  three 
Grand  Honors  given,  and  the  stone  squared  and 
leveled  by  the  craftsmen.  The  following  ceremony 
then  ensued : 

Grand  Master.  —  Right  Worshipful  Deputy 
Grand  Master,  what  is  the  proper  jewel  of  your 
office? 

123 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Deputy  Grand  Master. — The  square. 

Grand  ^Iaster. — What  does  it  teach? 

Deputy  Grand  Master. — To  square  our  actions 
by  the  square  of  virtue,  and  by  it  we  prove  our  work. 

Grand  Master. — Apply  your  jewel  to  this  corner 
stone  and  make  report. 

Deputy  Grand  Master  (applying  the  square). — 
The  stone  is  square;  the  Craftsmen  have  done  their 
duty. 

Grand  Master. — Right  Worshipful  Senior  Grand 
Warden,  what  is  the  proper  jewel  of  your  office? 

Senior  Grand  Warden. — The  level. 

Grand  Master. — What  does  it  teach? 

Senior  Grand  Warden. — The  equality  of  aU  men, 
and  by  it  we  prove  our  work. 

Grand  Master. — Apply  your  level  to  the  corner 
stone  and  make  report. 

Senior  Grand  Warden  [applying  the  level), — 
The  stone  is  level;  the  Craftsmen  have  done  their 
duty. 

Grand  Master. — Right  Worshipful  Junior  Grand 
Warden,  what  is  the  proper  jewel  of  your  office? 

Junior  Grand  Warden. — The  plumb. 

Grand  Master. — What  does  it  teach? 

Junior  Grand  Warden. — To  walk  uprightly  be- 
fore God  and  man,  and  by  it  we  prove  our  work. 

Grand  Master. — Apply  your  jewel  to  the  corner 
stone  and  make  report. 

Junior  Grand  Warden  (applying  the  plumb). — 

124 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

The  stone  is  plumb;  the  Craftsmen  have  done  their 
duty. 

Grand  Master. — Having  full  confidence  in  your 
skill  in  the  Royal  Art,  it  remains  with  me  to  finish 
the  work. 

The  Grand  Master,  striking  the  stone  three  times 
with  the  gavel,  said: 

"  Well  made — well  proved — truly  laid — true  and 
trusty;  and  may  this  undertaking  be  conducted  and 
completed  by  the  Craftsmen  according  to  the  grand 
plan,  in  Peace,  Harmony,  and  Brotherly  Love." 

The  Deputy  Grand  Master,  Arthur  T.  Way,  re- 
ceived from  the  Grand  Marshal  the  Vessel  of  Corn, 
and  pouring  the  corn  upon  the  stone,  said: 

"  JNIay  the  blessing  of  the  Supreme  Grand  Archi- 
tect rest  upon  the  people  of  these  United  States, 
and  may  the  Corn  of  Nourishment  abound  in  our 
land." 

A  stanza  of  a  hymn  was  sung  by  the  quartet: 

When  once  of  old,  in  Israel, 

Our  early  Brethren  "wrought  with  toil, 

Jehovah's  blessing  on  them  fell 

In  showers  of  Corn,  and  Wine,  and  Oil. 

The  Grand  Marshal  presented  the  Cup  of  Wine  to 
the  Senior  Grand  Warden,  Edward  G.  Graves,  who 
poured  the  wine  upon  the  stone,  saying: 

"  May  the  Great  Architect  of  the  Universe  watch 
over  and  preserve  the  workmen  upon  this  monument 

125 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

and  bless  them  and  our  land  with  the  Wine  of  Re- 
freshment and  Concord." 
A  second  stanza  was  sung: 

When  there  a  shrine  to  Him  alone 
They  built,  with  worship,   sin  to   foil. 

On  threshold  and  on  corner-stone. 

They  poured  out  Corn,  and  Wine,  and  Oil. 

The  Grand  Marshal  presented  the  Cup  of  Oil  to 
the  Acting  Junior  Grand  Warden,  David  T.  Rem- 
ington, who  poured  the  oil  upon  the  stone,  saying: 

"  May  the  Supreme  Ruler  of  the  World  bless  our 
land  with  Union,  Harmony,  and  Love,  preserve  the 
people  in  Peace,  and  vouchsafe  to  them  the  enjoy- 
ment of  every  good  and  perfect  gift." 

A  third  stanza  was  sung: 

And  we  have  come,  fraternal  bands, 

With  joy  and  pride,  and  prosperous  spoil. 

To  honor  Him  by  votive  hands 

With  streams  of  Corn,  and  Wine,  and  Oil. 

The  Grand  Chaplain  then  pronounced  this  invo- 
cation : 

"  In  vain,  O  God!  in  vain  shall  we  quarry,  in  vain 
the  hands  of  the  workmen  adjust  the  stones,  if  thou 
witlihold  Thy  blessing  on  our  endeavors. 

"  Humbly  may  we  try  to  imitate  the  divine  plan, 
to  keep  true  and  in  all  symmetry  the  monument  to 
be  erected. 

126 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

*'  Guard  all  who  toil. 

"  Move  in  generous  fraternal  spirit  those  who  di- 
rect. So  shall  these  stones  rise  in  splendid  evidence 
of  a  people  whose  God  is  the  Lord ;  whose  government 
is  free  in  its  cheerful  obedience  to  the  common  good; 
whose  desire  is  the  Eternal  Right. 

"  Thy  Blessing,  Most  Holy,  Most  Wise  and  Al- 
mighty, be  upon  this  monument  to  a  hallowed  Past, 
this  inspiration  for  an  adequate  future. 

"  INIay  Corn,  Wine,  and  Oil,  and  all  the  necessaries 
of  life,  abound  among  men  throughout  the  world; 
may  the  blessing  of  Almighty  God  be  upon  this  un- 
dertaking, and  may  the  structure  here  to  be  erected 
rise  in  Beauty  and  Strength,  and  be  preserved  to 
the  latest  ages,  a  monument  of  the  liberality  of  its 
founders  and  of  the  free  and  enlightened  gov- 
ernment in  which  it  is  our  privilege  to  partake. 
Amen." 

The  Brethren  responded,  "  So  Mote  it  Be." 

The  Grand  Master  returned  to  his  place,  and  was 
approached  by  the  Grand  Marshal,  who  said: 

"  I  present  to  you  the  Architect  of  this  Building. 
He  is  ready  with  Craftsmen  for  the  work,  and  asks 
the  tools  for  his  task." 

The  Grand  IMaster  presented  the  Square,  Level, 
Plumb,  and  Plan  to  the  Architect,  and  said : 

"  To  you,  Mr.  Architect,  are  confided  the  imple- 
ments of  operative  Masonry,  with  the  fullest  confi- 
dence that  by  your  skill  an  edifice  will  here  arise  which 

127 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

shall  render  new  service  and  honor  to  this  busy  city. 
May  it  be  blessed  with  Wisdom  in  the  plan,  Strength 
in  the  execution,  Beauty  in  the  adornment;  and  may 
the  Sun  of  Righteousness  enlighten  those  who  build, 
the  Government  and  the  People  for  whose  use  this 
structure  shall  be  erected." 

The  Grand  INIaster  then  presented  Past  Senior 
Grand  Warden,  William  B.  Lawrence,  and  an- 
nounced that  he  would  make  an  address. 


ADDRESS    OF    HON.    WILLIAM    B.    LAWRENCE 

On  Saturday,  November  21,  1620,  there  came  to 
anchor  in  what  is  now  Provincetown  harbor  a  small 
vessel  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  tons.  She  carried 
as  passengers  about  a  hundred  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren— poor  and  in  exile,  but  so  loving  God,  so  brave 
to  worship  Him  in  the  way  they  thought  right,  that 
they  had  knowingly  chosen  to  risk  death  in  a  wilder- 
ness rather  than  yield  themselves  to  spiritual  despot- 
ism. In  her  cabin,  within  sight  of  this  cape,  and 
probably  within  this  harbor,  was  signed  the  document 
whose  essential  principle  is  the  firm  and  enduring 
basis  of  American  constitutional  government.  For 
five  weeks  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  lived  here,  making 
this  harbor  their  base  of  operations  in  finding  a  per- 
manent location.  On  this  spot  we  are  to-day  met  to- 
gether to  lay,  with  Masonic  ceremonies,  the  comer 

128 


WILLIAM    B.    LAWRENCE. 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

stone  of  a  fitting  national  memorial  to  that  Mayflower 
Compact  and  the  men  who  made  it. 

But  in  the  broader  sense,  the  nation  that  pays  this 
tribute  is  their  grandest  monument — and  for  that 
monument  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  themselves  here  laid 
the  corner  stone.  History  tells  us  of  no  Masons 
among  them,  but  it  is  safe  to  say  that  no  band  of  men 
ever  more  fully  expressed  in  their  own  lives  the  ma- 
sonic tenets  of  Brotherly  Love,  Relief,  and  Truth; 
or  the  four  cardinal  Masonic  virtues  of  Temperance, 
Fortitude,  Prudence,  and  Justice.  As  these  qualities 
were  necessary  to  the  earlier  Masons  to  preserve  their 
very  existence,  so  they  were  necessary  to  the  Pilgrims 
to  preserve  their  State.  In  both  cases  these  qualities 
were  the  elements  of  a  great  and  uplifting  human 
movement  because  they  were  in  the  character  of  the 
men  who  made  it.  The  men  who  came  together  to 
form  the  Pilgrim  congregation  at  Leyden  were  brave, 
prudent,  temperate,  and  just  men,  or  they  could  never 
have  become  the  advance  guard  of  the  great  Puritan 
exodus  from  England  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
The  men  from  whose  union  first  came  masonry  pos- 
sessed and  exemplified  these  virtues,  or  masonry  could 
never  have  been  instituted.  In  laying  this  corner 
stone  the  masonry  of  to-day  does  more  than  exercise 
an  honorable  and  long-cherished  custom.  It  recog- 
nizes with  an  uplifted  heart  its  essential  kinship  with 
those  humble,  sagacious,  God-fearing  founders  of  this 
American  Republic. 

129 


THE    riLGRIIVlS    AND    THEIR    MONIBIENT 

And  we  feel,  too,  that  we  of  the  present  generation 
can  do  more  to  honor  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  even  than 
to  erect  this  seemingly  imperishable  memorial.  The 
priceless  heritage  which  this  nation — which  every  hu- 
man being  in  this  nation,  man,  woman,  or  child — has 
received  from  them,  it  is  our  highest  duty  to  transmit 
in  turn  undiminished  to  our  own  descendants.  The 
highest  honor  we  can  pay  them  is  so  to  cherish  the 
principles  on  which  this  Government  was  founded 
that  it  will  still  stand  for  freedom,  for  justice,  and 
for  equality  of  rights  long  after  time  shall  have  crum- 
bled this  granite  monument  to  dust.  Here  by  the 
action  of  these  men,  a  government  was  established,  for 
the  first  time  in  history,  by  the  consent  of  all  the  gov- 
erned— a  document  drafted  that  unmistakably  laid 
down  the  principle  that  men,  merely  as  men,  may,  as 
of  right,  decide  how  and  by  whom  they  will  be  gov- 
erned. Circumstances  compelled  them  to  draft  and 
sign  the  Mayflower  Compact  almost  at  a  moment's 
notice,  but  the  motive  that  influenced  them  is  of  ever- 
lasting significance.  In  an  essentially  commercial 
age,  when  men  are  too  often  absorbed  in  the  eager 
struggle  for  wealth;  when  our  industrial  prosperity 
advances  by  leaps  and  bounds;  when  combinations  of 
wealth  so  created  wield  unprecedented  power — and 
yet,  when  liberty  is  so  taken  for  granted  that  many 
neglect  political  duty  for  private  interest,  and  think 
no  shame  of  it,  it  cannot  be  too  squarely  emphasized 
that  the  May  flower  Compact  came  into  being  because 

130 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

the  Pilgrim  Fathers  saw  and  understood  and  wisely 
feared  the  disaffection  or  selfish  indifference  of  a  very- 
few  among  them. 

The  Mayflower  Compact  was  the  result  of  a  con- 
dition that  confronted  the  Pilgrims  after  they  had 
sighted  the  cape,  on  which  they  had  then  no  intention 
whatever  of  landing.  The  patent  from  which  they 
expected  to  derive  both  place  and  protection  directed 
their  course  toward  the  Hudson.  South  of  the  cape 
they  met  with  dangerous  shoals  and  roaring  break- 
ers, which  turned  them  back,  and  in  so  doing  changed 
them  from  an  organized  colony,  acting  under  a  regu- 
lar patent,  into  a  band  of  unauthorized  adventurers. 
A  few  among  them  saw  in  this  change  a  prospect  of 
the  individual  license  that  has  invariably  proved  the 
foe  of  genuine  liberty.  To  control  this  incipient  law- 
lessness the  Compact  was  hastily  drafted.  But  it  em- 
bodied ideas  already  matured  in  the  minds  of  the 
Pilgrims.  It  was,  therefore,  in  essence  no  hasty  docu- 
ment. Its  noble  terseness  here  crystallized  essential 
qualities  that  made  the  Pilgrims  unique  among  all 
the  Colonists  who  came  to  America,  and  allow  us 
to-day  to  see  in  them  also  the  first  American  expres- 
sion of  the  principles  cherished  by  masonry. 

They  were  not  only  a  brotherhood  of  religious  en- 
thusiasts, these  Pilgrim  Fathers :  their  religious  fervor 
was  of  steel,  tempered  by  the  common  sense  of  British 
yeomanry.  They  were  not  only  members  of  the  most 
mutually  helpful  community  of  their  time,  but  its 

131 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

picked  members,  young  and  stalwart,  chosen  to  go 
before  and  prepare  the  way  for  others.  They  were 
not  only  Puritans,  they  were  the  extreme  wing  of 
Puritanism — the  Separatists  to  whom  Truth  was  all 
and  admitted  no  compromise.  They  had  the  fortitude 
that  could  be  dismayed  by  no  perils;  the  prudence 
that  took  no  step  without  thoughtful  examination; 
the  justice  that  tolerated  other  beliefs  in  an  age  when 
intolerance  was  by  no  means  confined  to  established 
religion;  the  temperance  that  more  than  once,  in  the 
long  and  anxious  negotiations  with  the  merchant  ad- 
venturers who  financed  their  undertaking,  saved  it 
from  shipwreck  on  the  rocks  of  righteous  indignation. 
There  was  a  colony  which  came  to  this  coast  two  years 
after  the  founding  of  Plymouth  whose  unhappy  fate 
shows  what  would  have  happened  had  not  the  Pil- 
grims been  so  rich  in  these  truly  masonic  virtues. 
United  by  a  common  purpose,  fixed  in  the  habit  of 
referring  all  matters  to  the  congregation  as  a  whole, 
and  together  asking  the  greater  wisdom  of  God  to 
guide  the  majority,  they  were  moreover  moving  un- 
consciously toward  the  development  of  a  thing  then 
unnamed  and  unanalyzed — a  government  of,  by,  and 
for  the  people. 

The  shore  on  which  a  small  party  of  the  Pilgrims 
landed  after  signing  the  Compact  and  electing  the 
first  ISTew  England  Governor  offered  them  a  genuine 
hospitality.  The  weather  was  fair.  Although  the 
bare  boughs  of  the  cape,  then  well  wooded,  presented 

132 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

what  Governor  Bradford  afterwards  described  as  a 
"  weather-beaten  face,"  it  was  a  week  later  before  they 
tasted  the  bitterness  of  New  England  winter.  They 
went  ashore  to  look  about  them  and  replenish  their 
exhausted  firewood.  The  first  sound  of  Pilgrim  life 
that  New  England  heard  was  the  sound  of  axes;  the 
first  touch  of  homely  comfort  that  New  England 
afforded  them  was  the  warmth  of  a  wood  fire;  the 
first  New  England  Sabbath  was  made  more  comfort- 
able by  the  news  brought  back  from  this  first  jour- 
ney into  the  New  England  woods,  that  there  were 
no  hostile  savages  in  the  immediate  neighborhood. 

On  the  ^londay  following  the  weather  was  warm 
enough  to  permit  the  Pilgrim  women  to  do  what 
must  have  been  a  pretty  good-sized  family  washing 
in  the  fresh-water  pool,  since  swallowed  up  by  the 
ocean,  in  front  of  Provincetown.  It  would  seem  safe 
to  say,  therefore,  that  the  first  Pilgrim  woman  landed 
on  New  England  soil  Monday,  November  23,  1620; 
that  the  place  was  Provincetown;  and  her  purpose, 
there  to  begin  the  household  cleanliness  for  which 
New  England  has  ever  since  been  famous.  Tradi- 
tion has  unfortunately  assigned  to  these  Pilgrim 
Fathers  and  mothers  a  grimness  that  is  not  borne  out 
by  careful,  sjinpathetic  reading  of  their  records ;  and 
these  brave  women,  companions  of  brave  men,  look 
up  from  their  washing  and  smile  at  us  to-day  across 
nearly  three  centuries.  Of  the  eighteen  Pilgrim  wives 
in  this  devoted  company,  fourteen  had  died  before  the 
10  133 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

first  year  of  the  Colony  was  finished — a  fact  signifi- 
cant enough  of  the  hardship,  perils,  and  dangers 
they  so  cheerfully  underwent  with  their  life  com- 
panions. 

The  Mayflower  lay  five  weeks  in  Provincetown 
harbor,  entering  the  harbor  November  21st  and  leav- 
ing it  for  Plymouth,  December  26th.  The  first  birth 
and  first  deaths  occurred  here.  These  shores,  no 
longer  wooded,  that  first  rang  with  the  cheerful  note 
of  Pilgrim  axes,  heard  also  the  feeble  birth-cry  of 
their  first-born  child,  the  weeping  of  mourners  at 
their  first  burials.  A  wondering  Indian,  suspiciously 
listening  where  we  now  stand  to  do  them  honor,  might 
have  heard  then  for  the  first  time  the  prophetic  indus- 
try of  Pilgrim  hammers,  or,  afar  off,  the  first  report 
of  a  Pilgrim  musket.  Into  the  woods  of  this  cape 
marched  their  first  armed  company  under  the  sturdy 
captaincy  of  Myles  Standish.  Out  of  a  primitive 
Indian  storehouse  on  this  cape  they  dug,  and  after- 
wards paid  for,  the  corn  that  gave  them  seed  for  the 
first  Pilgrim  harvest.  No  hour  of  those  five  weeks, 
it  may  be  fairly  said,  but  had  its  meaning  in  their 
later  history. 

For  here,  too,  they  watched  what  were  to  them  the 
wonders  of  this  new  land — the  whales  playing  clum- 
sily in  the  harbor  and  the  flocks  of  wild  fowl,  whose 
number  and  fatness  so  greatly  surprised  the  Colo- 
nists— and  talked  together  about  the  hopes  and  fears 
of  their  immediate  future.    There  was  enough  to  dis- 

134 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

hearten  them.  The  interest  of  the  merchant  adven- 
turers who  had  financed  the  undertaking  they  now 
knew  to  be  wholly  commercial ;  little  more  help  could 
be  expected  from  them  unless  the  business  began  to 
show  a  profit.  The  captain  and  crew  of  the  May- 
flower, whose  attitude  toward  their  passengers  was 
just  about  what  one  would  have  expected  from  the 
average  seaman  of  the  period  toward  a  poor  and  per- 
secuted religious  body,  were  anxious  to  get  home,  and 
were  not  slow  in  showing  it.  Supplies  were  running 
short,  sickness  and  death  had  made  their  appearance 
in  the  Pilgrim  company.  They  had  heard  such  things 
of  Indian  cruelty  as  "  move  the  bowels  of  men  to 
grate  within  them  and  make  the  weak  to  quake  and 
tremble."  Save  for  their  faith  in  God  and  their  un- 
conquerable determination  to  found  this  colony  to 
His  glory,  whatever  way  they  looked  the  future 
frowned  upon  them.  Save  for  the  kindred  qualities 
that  every  JNIason  should  be  honored  to  recognize  in 
these  Pilgrim  Fathers,  they  could  never  have  suc- 
ceeded in  planting  an  enduring  colony. 

Three  separate  expeditions  went  out  from  the  May- 
flower and  explored  much  of  the  cape  before  finally 
settling  upon  Plymouth.  Concerning  these  expedi- 
tions the  Pilgrims'  annals  have  left  us  authentic  in- 
formation— rich  in  material  that  illustrates  the  rugged 
worth,  the  fine  humanity  of  these  men  whom  we  to- 
day celebrate;  rich,  too,  in  incidents  that  show  their 
character  and  ideals  to  have  been  identical  with  those 

135 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

of  masonry.  They  found  a  supply  of  corn;  the  pru- 
dence that  made  them  take  it  as  seed  for  a  future  har- 
vest is  no  more  characteristic  than  the  justice  with 
which  they  agreed  among  themselves  to  pay  the  own- 
ers at  the  earliest  opportunity.  They  sailed  one  after- 
noon out  of  Provincetown  Harbor,  in  the  clumsy  little 
shallop  they  had  brought  on  the  Mayflower,  and  the 
dashing  spray  froze  on  them  till  their  garments  were 
like  coats  of  ice;  yet  the  thing  was  necessary  and  a 
splendid  fortitude  upheld  their  spirits  under  their 
frozen  garments.  They  came  back  to  the  Mayflower 
to  find  that  Death  had  been  grimly  busy  in  their  ab- 
sence, yet  even  in  grief  they  practiced  a  wise  and 
necessary  temperance.  Exploring  this  cape  to  find 
a  dwelling  place,  what  they  sought,  above  all,  was 
Truth.  And  the  spirit  in  which  they  sought  it  was 
of  Brotherly  Love  and  mutual  helpfulness. 

Thus,  in  the  silence  of  that  November  day,  with 
winter  settling  over  the  unknown  land  that  was  to  be 
their  home  in  the  future,  and  over  the  gray,  indiffer- 
ent ocean  that  separated  them,  almost  as  irrevocably 
as  death  itself,  from  the  land  that  had  been  their 
home  in  the  past,  they  laid  the  corner  stone  of  Amer- 
ican constitutional  liberty,  the  first  government  in  the 
world  that  derived  its  power  from  the  consent  of  all 
the  governed.  For  five  weeks  they  called  this  spot 
"  home  " — the  word  is  not  mine,  but  that  of  the  Pil- 
grim historian. 

To-day  belongs  to  that  time  when  the  Pilgrim 

136 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

Fathers  called  this  cape  "  home."  Of  the  first  years 
of  the  colony  their  own  Governor  Bradford  has  well 
said:  "As  one  smalle  candle  may  light  a  thousand, 
so  the  light  here  kindled  hath  shown  unto  many,  yea 
in  some  sorte  to  our  whole  nation,  let  the  glorious 
name  of  Jehovah  have  all  the  praise." 

It  has  been  unfortunate  that  the  public  mind 
should  lose  sight  of  their  connection  with  the  cape, 
and  it  is  therefore  all  the  more  an  inspiring  duty  to 
lay  the  corner  stone  of  this  monument.  May  it  here- 
after visualize  not  only  to  those  at  home,  but  to  the 
incoming  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands,  that  first 
small  immigration  of  a  devoted  hundred — the  men 
who,  though  sometimes  troubled,  were  undismayed; 
whose  first  safeguard  was  to  prevent  the  license  that 
comes  whenever  a  single  man  considers  himself  a  law 
unto  himself  and  independent  of  the  just  and  equal 
rights  of  others.  This  danger,  in  one  form  or  an- 
other, we  shall  probably  have  always  with  us.  It  is 
the  penalty  of  extreme  power  that  the  man  who  wields 
it  grows  unconsciously  to  feel  himself  superior  to  the 
laws  that  govern  the  less  powerful.  It  is  the  curse  of 
extreme  weakness  that  the  man  afflicted  with  it  comes 
to  believe  in  anarchy.  The  safety  of  the  Pilgrim 
community  lay  in  the  fact  that  every  individual  did 
his  part  for  the  good  of  all — and  in  this  thought  lies 
also  the  safety  of  the  great  nation  in  whose  making 
they  were  so  important  a  factor. 

An  American  poet  has  expressed  the  eternal  nature 

137 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

of  a  great  and  good  man's  influence  in  words  that  I 
cannot  forbear  applying  to  these  Pilgrim  Fathers: 

So  when  a  great  man  dies. 

For  years  beyond  our  ken, 
The  light  he  leaves  behind  him  lies 

Upon  the  paths  of  men. 

At  the  close  of  the  address  the  closing  formalities 
were  observed  thus: 

Grand  Master. — Worshipful  Brother  Grand  Mar- 
shal, you  will  make  proclamation  that  this  corner  stone 
has  been  duly  laid  in  accordance  with  ancient  form 
and  usage. 

Grand  Marshal. — In  the  name  of  the  Most  Wor- 
shipful Grand  Lodge  in  the  Commonwealth  of  Mas- 
sachusetts I  now  proclaim  that  the  corner  stone  of  the 
structure  to  be  here  erected  has  tliis  day  been  found 
square,  level,  and  plumb,  true  and  trusty,  and  laid 
according  to  the  old  customs  by  the  Grand  Master  of 
Masons. 

This  proclamation  is  made  from  the  east,  the  west, 
the  south — once  (trumpet),  twice  (trumpet  twice), 
thrice  (trumpet  thrice). 

The  exercises  closed  with  the  singing  of  the  hymn 
"  America "  and  the  benediction  by  the  Grand 
Chaplain. 

Following  the  formal  exercises  at  the  corner  stone, 
a  dinner  was  given  in  Town  Hall  by  the  citizens  of 

138 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

Provincetown,  under  the  management  of  a  large  com- 
mittee, of  which  Joseph  A.  West  was  chairman  and 
Jonathan  F.  Snow,  secretary.  Other  members  of  the 
committee  were:  Moses  T.  Gifford,  Artemas  P.  Han- 
num,  Raymond  A.  Hopkins,  Angus  MacKay,  Dr. 
M.  PhiHp  Campbell,  Heman  S.  Cook,  Joseph  Manta, 
Charles  A.  Foster,  Jerome  S.  Smith,  E.  Olin  Snow, 
John  D.  Adams,  Elijah  J.  Rogers,  Jesse  Rogers, 
R.  Eugene  Conwell,  Simeon  C.  Smith,  Walter  Welsh, 
and  Dr.  Alexander  S.  INIacLeod.  The  seats  being 
removed  from  the  floor  of  the  hall,  one  long  table  was 
spread  parallel  with  the  stage,  at  which  were  seated 
the  President  of  the  Memorial  Association,  with  the 
guests  of  honor,  the  President  of  the  United  States, 
the  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth,  the  admirals 
commanding  the  fleet  of  battleships  in  the  harbor, 
the  captains  commanding  the  various  vessels,  the 
chaplain  of  the  occasion,  and  the  poet  of  the  day, 
Nathan  Haskell  Dole.  At  right  angles  Mdth  this 
guest  table  were  spread  five  long  tables,  at  which 
were  seated  five  hundred  of  the  ladies  and  gentlemen 
of  the  town.  The  galleries  were  thronged  by  on- 
lookers who  were  eager  to  listen  to  the  after-dinner 
exercises. 

The  feast  concluded,  the  exercises  were  begun  with 
an  invocation  by  the  Chaplain,  Rev.  Caleb  E.  Fisher, 
of  Lowell.  This  was  followed  by  a  brief  address  of 
welcome  by  George  Allen,  Chairman  of  the  Board  of 
Selectmen  of  Provincetown,  who  said: 

139 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

"Friends  and  Fellow  Citizens:  Cape  Cod,  the 
strong  right  arm  of  old  Massachusetts,  extends  to 
you  all  a  most  cordial  welcome,  and  we  hope  your 
stay  with  us  will  he  so  pleasant  you  will  all  want  to 
come  and  assist  us  in  dedicating  the  monument. 

"  President  Roosevelt :  We  all  thank  you  for  your 
great  kindness  in  honoring  us  with  your  presence 
to-day,  and  we  hope  you  will  never  regret  your  visit 
to  Provincetown,  the  birthplace  of  this  great  nation. 

"  Our  toastmaster  has  some  ammunition  he  wants 
to  fire  away,  and  if  he  can  shoot  as  straight  as  the 
boys  in  our  navy,  every  shot  he  fires  will  tell  its  story. 
I  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you  Rev.  Dr. 
Bush." 

Mr.  Allen  concluded  by  introducing  Rev.  R.  Perry 
[Bush,  D.D.,  of  Chelsea,  a  native  and  a  summer  resi- 
dent of  Provincetown,  as  the  toastmaster.  Dr.  Bush 
spoke  as  follows: 

REMARKS    OF    REV.    R.    PERRY    BUSH,   D.D. 

When  men  have  dared  and  died  for  principle, 
thenceforth  the  spots  their  feet  have  trod  are  holy 
ground,  and  at  their  halting  places  we  erect  our 
shrines  that  future  generations  may  come  thither  for 
inspiration. 

We  commemorate  in  this  hour  the  first  landing  of 
the  Pilgrims  on  these  western  shores,  and  we  hold  it 

140 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

as  our  conviction  that  when  they  went  forth  from 
England  it  was  in  obedience  to  a  heavenly  vision  and 
a  divine  command. 

The  world  was  ready  for  an  advance  step  in  gov- 
ernment and  religion,  and  they  were  the  ordained  in- 
struments for  the  furthering  of  the  plans  of  Him  who 
is  constantly  evolving  out  of  to-day  a  better  life  for 
to-morrow. 

The  Pilgrim  saw  not  only  that  his  own  personal 
rights  were  trampled  upon  and  disregarded,  but  in 
his  migration  he  was  laboring  and  building  not  for 
himself  alone,  but  for  peoples  yet  unborn. 

When  we  look  close  enough  we  perceive  that  one 
mighty  and  all-embracing  purpose  runs  like  a  golden 
thread  through  all  ages  and  experiences,  and  that  all 
human  struggle  and  sacrifice  are  leading  us  on  to  a 
consciousness  and  appreciation  of  liberty  and  the 
dedication  of  that  liberty  to  noblest  ends. 

The  beginning  of  our  American  Republic  is  not  to 
be  found  in  those  who  separated  themselves  from  the 
established  church  and  later  embarked  in  the  May- 
flower. 

We  must  go  back  to  the  times  when,  year  after 
year,  those  hosts  emerged  from  the  Black  Forest,  giv- 
ing to  Europe  a  taste  of  freedom  and  independence. 

We  must  reckon  the  deep  and  powerful  influence 
of  Holland  and  the  broadening  touch  of  the  spirit  of 
William  of  Orange.  We  must  take  note  of  the  fusion 
of  tongues  and  tribes  that  went  to  make  up  the  char- 

141 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

acter  of  the  English  people.  We  must  look  to  most 
distant  ages  and  consider  those  of  long  ago  who,  like 
Plato,  dreamed  a  dream  of  government  which  hu- 
manity must  wait  long  to  see  fulfilled. 

Those  to  whom  we  pay  tribute  in  this  hour  were 
not  participating  in  private  theatricals,  but  they  were 
actors  in  the  great  drama  of  progress  and  civilization. 

There  are  not  wanting  men  of  note  who  place  the 
signing  of  that  Compact  in  this  harbor  in  November, 
1620,  on  a  level  with  the  great  charter  wrung  from 
King  John  at  Runnymede,  and  when  we  bear  in 
mind  the  ripened  fruit  of  the  seed  which  the  Pilgrims 
planted  in  this  land,  we  may  then  maintain  the  jus- 
tice of  such  a  measurement. 

There  are  two  greatest  ideals  toward  the  realiza- 
tion of  which  man  is  steadily,  though  slowly  and  pain- 
fully, advancing.  The  one  is  a  government  of  the 
people,  by  the  people,  and  for  the  people;  a  world- 
wide liberty  and  equality,  in  which  the  primal  aim  of 
each  is  the  welfare  of  the  whole;  a  reign  of  freedom 
universal,  where  freedom  is  put  to  its  supremest  op- 
eration in  service  to  law  and  order,  and  every  citizen 
is  afforded  his  full  and  complete  and  legitimate  rights. 

This  is  the  first  and  greatest  of  ideals,  and  the  sec- 
ond is  like  unto  it:  the  establishment  of  a  condition 
throughout  the  earth,  in  which  it  shall  be  granted  to 
each  to  worship  in  accord  with  the  dictates  of  his  own 
conscience — you  at  your  altar  and  I  at  mine — and 
union  of  religious  devotees  shall  result,  not  from  mo- 

142 


THE  LAYING  OF  THE  CORNER  STONE 

notonous  sameness  of  belief,  but  from  mutual  respect 
for  each  other's  purity  and  sincerity  of  purpose. 

Toward  these  two  ideals  the  whole  creation  tends, 
and  when,  in  some  far-off  future  age,  the  historian 
of  that  millennial  time  shall  recount  the  deeds  of  those 
who  contributed  most  to  the  realization  of  that  for 
which  the  divinest  souls  on  earth  are  striving,  he  shall 
write  in  golden  letters  the  story  of  the  Mayflower 
and  those  who  rode  at  anchor  in  this  noble  harbor. 

And  if  the  memorial  of  which  the  corner  stone  is 
laid  this  day  shall  in  any  measure  incite  our  citizens 
to  emulation  of  the  Pilgrims  and  fidelity  to  the  trust 
which  has  descended  from  them  to  us,  then  the  con- 
tributions of  nation  and  State  and  the  labors  of 
patriotic  citizens  who  have  made  the  erection  of  that 
memorial  possible,  shall  not  have  been  in  vain. 

Our  first  toast,  "  The  United  States  of  America." 
The  first  real  and  genuine  experiment  in  self-govern- 
ment. The  amalgamation  of  all  races  and  peoples 
leavened  by  the  spirit  of  the  Pilgrim,  the  Puritan, 
and  the  Virginian  cavalier.  Dedicated  to  liberty  and 
equality  and  nourished  by  the  schoolhouse  and  the 
church.  Resisting  tyranny  and  evolving  from  inter- 
necine strife  a  truer  and  more  vital  Union.  Advan- 
cing by  marvelous  strides  to  the  first  place  among  the 
nations  and  dedicating  its  matchless  strength  and  re- 
sources to  the  welfare  of  the  weak  and  oppressed. 
Exalted  above  every  other  potentate  of  earth  is  he 
who  is  chosen  by  the  free  suffrage  of  the  fellow  citi- 

143 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

zens  to  be  our  Chief  Executive,  and  never  since  the 
birth  of  our  RepubHc  one  who  had  so  strong  a  hold 
upon  the  confidence  and  respect  of  the  American 
people  as  the  present  incumbent  of  the  presidential 
chair.  The  stalwart  representative  of  the  principles 
which  alone  can  assure  permanence  to  our  institu- 
tions— the  embodiment  of  justice  and  democracy — it 
is  a  deeply  appreciated  honor  that  he  abides  with  us 
to-day  as  our  guest. 

During  one  of  the  bursts  of  applause  that  greeted 
the  toastmaster  the  President  rose,  bowed  gracefully, 
and  withdrew  from  the  hall. 

As  he  passed  out,  the  entire  gathering  rose  and 
cheered  and  waved  napkins  and  handkerchiefs.  Some 
disappointment  was  felt  that  President  Roosevelt  did 
not  remain  and  address  the  people,  but  it  was  ex- 
plained that  the  exercises  upon  the  hill  had  proved 
so  long  that  the  time  fixed  for  setting  sail  upon  his 
return  voyage  was  already  past.  Soon  after,  the 
booming  of  the  guns  in  the  harbor  announced  that 
the  Mayflower,  with  the  President  on  board,  had  left 
the  port  on  his  return  to  Oyster  Bay. 

The  toastmaster  next  presented  the  British  Am- 
bassador, the  Right  Honorable  James  Bryce,  Dr. 
Bush  alluding  in  a  graceful  manner  to  his  Majesty, 
King  Edward,  and  to  Mr.  Bryce  as  the  author 
of  a  work  well  known  to  Americans.  Said  Dr. 
Bush: 

144 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

*'  The  student  of  history  who  discerns  aright  the 
working  of  the  laws  of  cause  and  effect  puts  it  down 
as  providential  that  the  Anglo-Saxon  race  dominated 
the  settlement  of  this  Western  World  and  shaped  its 
civil  and  religious  institutions. 

"  As  we  Americans  stand  within  the  sacred  pre- 
cincts of  Westminster  Abbey,  we  are  proud  to  have 
the  English  cousin  at  our  side  affirm  that  the  great 
and  worthy  who  are  sleeping  there  were  our  ances- 
tors, as  they  were  his  own. 

"  Of  common  lineage,  the  differences  of  opinion 
which  moved  Columbia  to  withdraw  from  her  moth- 
er's immediate  family  and  set  up  an  establishment  of 
her  own  could  not  break  the  ties  of  blood,  and  as  the 
great  heart  of  the  English  people  was  with  our  Colo- 
nists in  their  opposition  to  taxation  without  represen- 
tation, so  our  respect  and  love  go  forth  to  Britannia, 
and  with  her  millions  we  revere  the  gracious  woman- 
hood of  Victoria  and  swell  the  present  chorus,  '  God 
save  the  King.' 

"  The  list  of  those  who  have  represented  England 
at  Washington  bears  the  names  of  men  most  eminent 
and  distinguished,  but  for  none  among  them  all  has 
there  been  more  royal  welcome  than  for  the  author 
of  '  The  American  Commonwealth.' 

"  Our  nation  has  grown  too  big  to  take  serious 
notice  of  the  carping  criticism  of  the  foreigner,  who 
abides  but  a  day  among  us  and  who  exposes  his  igno- 
rance in  every  sentence  that  he  utters,  but  we  hail  as 

145 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

our  truest  friend  and  benefactor,  him  of  broadest  and 
most  intelligent  and  comprehensive  knowledge  of  us 
and  our  affairs,  whether  he  speak  praise  or  warning, 
and  we  trust  he  may  long  be  with  us  and  his  measure 
of  us  and  our  possibilities  never  grow  less,  while  our 
regard  for  him  and  for  those  for  whom  he  speaks 
may  be  ever  deepened  and  strengthened. 

"  I  have  the  honor  and  privilege  of  presenting  the 
British  Ambassador,  the  Right  Honorable  James 
Bryce." 

Mr.  Bryce  spoke  briefly,  but  in  a  pleasing  manner : 

ADDRESS    OF    AMBASSADOR    BRYCE 

The  Ambassador  expressed  his  pleasure  at  seeing 
so  many  ladies  present,  as  showing  the  interest  which 
they  took  in  this  celebration.  He  thought  that  not 
enough  had  been  said,  in  honoring  the  Pilgrim  Fa- 
thers, about  the  Pilgrim  mothers  and,  sisters,  who 
must  have  had  a  great  deal  to  do  with  the  course 
which  events  took.  Men  did  but  little  without  the 
management  and  sympathy  of  women,  and  many  a 
time  the  hopes  and  the  constancy  of  these  exiles  might 
have  failed  but  for  the  brave  spirit  which  the  mothers 
and  sisters  showed.  To  them  the  long  voyage  and 
the  long  delaj^s  before  a  settlement  could  be  made 
must  have  been  even  more  wearisome  than  to  the  men. 
But  they  held  out  gallantly  through  it  all,  and  the 
women  of  Provincetown  were  well  entitled  to  bear  a 

146 


THE    LAYING    OF    THE    CORNER    STONE 

part  in  this  commemorative  gathering.  He  beheved 
that  surprise  had  often  been  expressed  that  the  May- 
flower should  have  remained  so  long  at  anchor  here, 
and  historians  had  been  puzzled  to  account  for  this 
delay.  He  offered  to  them  an  explanation  which  had 
occurred  to  him  when  surveying  the  beautified  land- 
scape and  the  sheltered  port  from  the  top  of  the 
hill  where  the  monument  is  to  stand.  Provincetown 
has  both  a  charming  and  a  healthful  situation, 
and  the  Pilgrims  may  well  have  been  loath  to 
quit  it. 

He  had  been  greatly  struck  by  the  freshness  and 
fine,  bracing  quality  of  the  air  and  by  the  picturesque- 
ness  of  the  views,  and  were  he  able  to  look  forward 
to  a  lengthened  residence  in  America,  he  would  like  to 
become  the  owner  of  a  plot  of  twenty  acres,  near  the 
shore,  on  which  he  might  erect  a  dwelling,  where  both 
the  breezes  and  the  prospects  would  be  a  perpetual 
source  of  delight. 

The  words  of  cordial  friendship  toward  England 
used  by  those  who  had  just  spoken  had  deeply  touched 
him.  Such  an  occasion  as  this  brought  forcibly  to 
their  minds  the  community  of  sentiment,  which  united 
the  two  branches  of  the  ancient  Teutonic  stock,  that 
had  come  to  Britain  in  the  fifth  century  and  to  North 
America  in  the  seventeenth.  Many  new  elements  had 
entered  into  the  American  people  and  were  being 
quickly  and  peacefully  assimilated.  But  the  type  of 
the  resolute,  high-minded,  God-fearing  men  who  laid 

147 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

the  foundations  of  this  Commonwealth  had  proved 
itself  a  strong  and  persistent  type. 

England  shared  the  pride  which  Massachusetts  felt 
in  its  own  founders  and  in  the  many  famous  men 
whom  the  Bay  State  had  given  to  the  service  of  the 
Union,  and  joined  in  the  trust  that  a  due  supply 
of  such  men  will  ever  be  found  to  keep  the  star  of 
Massachusetts  shining,  bright  as  ever,  amid  the  States 
of  that  vast  Republic  which  has  sprung  from  the  little 
band  who  moored  their  ship  in  the  silent  bay  of  Prov- 
incetown. 


VI 

THE   ERECTION   OF   THE   MONUMENT 

SOME  time  elapsed  after  the  laying  of  the  corner 
stone  of  the  monument  before  work  was  begun 
upon  the  superstructure.  Meanwhile  the  happy- 
thought  came  to  the  historian  of  the  association  that 
the  interest  in  the  structure  would  be  greatly  en- 
hanced if  memorial  stones  might  be  procured  from 
the  shrines  of  the  Pilgrims  across  the  sea.  Accord- 
ingly, with  the  concurrence  of  President  Sears,  a  let- 
ter was  addressed  to  the  parish  clerk  at  Austerfield, 
Yorkshire  County,  England,  inquiring  if  it  were  pos- 
sible to  procure  a  stone  from  the  premises  or  vicinity 
of  the  ancient  church  of  the  village  where  Bradford 
was  baptized  and  where  the  Pilgrim  movement  had 
its  rise.  In  due  course  of  time  a  reply  was  received, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  copy: 

Austerfield^  near  Bawtry,  Yorkshire, 

April  25,  1905. 
Dear  Sir:  With  reference  to  your  letter  of  February  23d  last, 
addressed  to  the  parish  clerk  of  Austerfield,  we  beg  to  inform  you 
that  at  a  meeting  of  the  church  wardens  and  sidesmen  of  the 
parish,  it  was  decided  to  cut  a  stone  from  the  Churchyard  wall, 
immediately  facing  the  porch  and  to  forward  it  to  you  in  fur- 

11  149 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

therance  of  your  wisli  to  build  it  in  as  a  part  of  the  Memorial, 
about  to  be  erected  on  Cape  Cod. 

We  are  therefore  sending  the  stone  by  rail  to  Liverpool,  con- 
signed per  Cunard  Line  to  you  at  Milton  station,  Boston,  Mass., 
and  hope  that  it  will  reach  you  safely. 

Wishing  you  every  success  in  ycur  endeavors. 
We  are, 

Dear  sir. 

Yours  very  sincerely, 
(Signed)  J.  Jackson,  I  Church 

T.   DvsoN,      j    Wardens, 
Austerfield  Parish  Church. 

The  incoming  Cunard  steamer  arriving  next  after 
the  receipt  of  this  letter  brought,  as  a  part  of  its 
cargo,  the  precious  Austerfield  stone.  The  consignee, 
upon  calling  at  the  office  of  the  Cunard  Line  in  Bos- 
ton, was  informed  that  the  officers  of  the  line,  desirous 
of  attesting  their  interest  in  the  undertaking,  had 
shipped  the  stone  free  of  freight  charges,  the  entire 
cost  of  conveyance  from  Austerfield  to  Boston  being 
forty  cents,  the  charge  probably  for  freight,  by  rail, 
to  Liverpool.  This  trifle,  indeed,  represented  the  en- 
tire cost  of  transportation  of  the  stone  to  the  site  of 
the  monument,  inasmuch  as  a  firm  of  East  Boston 
teamsters,  whose  members  were  natives  of  Cape  Cod, 
took  pleasure  in  transporting  it  from  the  Cunard  pier 
to  that  of  the  steamer  Cape  Cod,  free  of  expense.  The 
president  of  the  Cape  Cod  S.  S.  Company,  himself 
an  officer  of  the  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association,  caused 
its  free  transportation  to  Provincetown. 

This  historic  stone  was  received  by  the  association 

150 


THE     PILGRIM    MONUMENT     IN     CONSTRUCTION. 
40     FEET    ABOVE    THE    BASE. 


THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

with  great  satisfaction  and  directed  to  be  placed  in  a 
conspicuous  place  in  the  edifice. 

The  success  of  this  endeavor  inspired  the  promotors 
of  the  enterprise  to  still  further  efforts,  and  letters 
were  next  addressed  to  the  Hon.  John  W.  Crowell, 
secretary  of  the  legation  at  The  Hague,  and  Mr.  S. 
Listoe,  Consul-general  of  the  United  States  at  Delft- 
haven,  inquiring  as  to  the  possibility  of  procuring 
memorial  stones  from  Leyden,  the  tarrying  place  of 
the  Pilgrims  in  Holland,  and  from  Delfthaven,  the 
port  of  their  departure  from  this  country.  The  result 
of  this  correspondence  was  the  obtaining  of  a  stone 
from  the  old  church  in  Leyden  where  the  Pilgrims 
are  believed  to  have  w-orshiped  during  their  life  in  that 
city.  Later,  the  officers  of  the  association  were  made 
glad  by  the  receipt  of  a  number  of  ancient  bricks 
from  the  quay  in  Delfthaven  whence  the  Pilgrims  set 
sail  for  this  land.  These  relics  are  to  be  seen  in  a  con- 
spicuous position  in  the  monument. 

Still  later,  a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  Woman 
Suffrage  Association,  while  visiting  Delfthaven,  pro- 
cured a  stone  from  the  vestibule  of  the  church  in  which 
services  are  believed  to  have  been  held  by  the  Pil- 
grims on  the  day  before  their  departure.  This  stone 
was  formally  presented  to  the  Pilgrim  Memorial  As- 
sociation, at  an  annual  meeting  of  the  Woman  Suf- 
frage Association,  held  in  Lynn,  by  ^Irs.  Lucia  Ames 
Mead,  its  president,  and  was  received  in  behalf  of  the 
Pilgrim  Memorial  Association  by  its  historian,  who 

151 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

was  deputed  for  that  purpose  by  President  Sears. 
Later,  two  blocks  of  yellow  marble  from  the  famous 
quarries  of  Siena,  Italy,  were  received  from  the  au- 
thorities of  that  city  in  recognition  of  the  fact  that 
the  design  of  the  monument  was  copied  from  the 
tower  of  their  municipal  building. 

As  already  explained,  the  sum  of  forty  thousand 
dollars  had  been  appropriated  by  Congress  toward 
the  erection  of  the  structure,  which  was,  by  the  terms 
of  the  resolve,  made  contingent  upon  the  accept- 
ance of  the  design  by  the  Secretary  of  War,  the 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  president  of  the 
Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association,  and  it  was 
provided  that  the  money  should  be  expended  under 
their  direction.  This  provision  was  construed  by  the 
Government  as  erecting  the  three  persons  filling  those 
positions  into  a  commission  for  the  construction  of 
the  monument.  This  commission,  which  comprised 
the  Hon.  William  H.  Taft,  the  Hon.  Curtis  Guild, 
Jr.,  and  Captain  J.  Henry  Sears,  met  in  Boston, 
at  the  office  of  the  governor,  in  the  autumn  of  1907, 
and  organized  by  the  election  of  Secretary  Taft  as 
chairman  and  Captain  Sears  as  secretary.  Major 
(afterwards  Lieutenant- Colonel)  Edward  Burr,  of 
the  United  States  Corps  of  Engineers,  stationed  at 
Boston,  was  appointed  superintendent  of  construc- 
tion and  disbursing  officer  for  the  commission. 

The  next  step  was  the  adoption  of  a  design  for  the 
proposed  monument,  and  to  this  end  advertisements 

152 


THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

were  inserted  in  several  newspapers,  inviting  the 
preparation  of  competitive  designs.  More  than  one 
hundred  designs  were  offered,  the  majority  of  which 
were,  evidently,  the  work  of  amateurs.  A  few  of 
those  offered  possessed  qualities  in  some  measure  ac- 
ceptable to  the  directors  and  the  commission;  but 
these  were  for  the  most  part  in  the  form  of  an  Egyp- 
tian obelisk,  a  form  which  it  had  been  determined  not 
to  follow,  since  the  monument  upon  Bunker  Hill  and 
the  Washington  monument  at  the  national  capital 
were  both  of  that  type;  and  the  Pilgrims  certainly 
had  nothing  in  common  with  Egyptian  civilization. 

It  seemed  best,  after  long  consideration,  to  adopt 
the  form  of  a  campanile,  or  bell  tower,  and  long 
and  careful  search  was  made  for  a  suitable  design. 
Thorough  search  wa?  made  in  the  parts  of  England 
from  which  the  Pilgrims  came,  but  no  tower  in  the 
least  satisfactory  was  to  be  found.  Search  was  then 
made  throughout  the  towns  and  cities  of  Holland, 
but  still  without  success.  It  was  evident  that  there, 
was  no  distinctive  Pilgrim  monumental  architecture, 
and  certainly  none  which  w^s  indigenous  to  the  re- 
gion in  which  the  structure  was  to  be  built. 

The  problem  was  at  length  solved  by  the  adoption 
of  the  design  of  the  beautiful  tower  of  the  Italian 
Renaissance  type,  several  examples  of  which  are  to 
be  found  in  the  medieval  cities  of  Europe.  The  two 
most  conspicuous  examples  are  seen  in  the  tower  of 
the  Palazzo  Vecchio  in  Florence  and  that  of  the 

153 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Torre  del  Mangia  in  Siena.  The  design  having  been 
adopted  by  the  directors,  it  was  presented  to  the  com- 
mission for  its  approval,  which  was  readily  granted. 
The  next  step  was  the  preparation  of  the  plans  for 
the  monument  after  the  approved  design.  These 
were  made  in  the  office  of  the  United  States  engineers, 
in  Boston,  under  the  direction  of  Colonel  Burr. 

In  the  spring  of  1908,  the  plans  being  approach- 
ing completion,  a  circular  letter  was  addressed  to 
several  responsible  builders,  inviting  proposals  for  the 
construction  of  the  monument  as  planned.  In  March 
of  the  same  year  these  bids  were  opened  at  the  office 
of  Colonel  Burr,  and  it  was  found  that  the  lowest 
bidders  for  the  work  were  the  firm  of  Maguire  & 
O'Heron,  of  Milton,  Mass.,  who  had  offered  to  erect 
the  building  for  the  sum  of  seventy-three  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  sixty-five  dollars. 

On  the  12th  day  of  March,  1908,  a  contract  was 
made  between  Colonel  Burr,  as  representing  the  com- 
mission for  building  the  monument,  and  Patrick  T. 
Maguire,  of  Milton,  County  of  Norfolk,  Mass.,  doing 
business  under  the  firm  name  of  Maguire  &  O'Heron, 
whereby  the  said  Maguire  agreed  to  build  the  monu- 
ment upon  the  existing  foundation  on  Town  Hill, 
Provincetown,  according  to  the  plans  prepared  and 
in  conformity  to  the  specifications  annexed.  The 
agreement  stipulated  that  the  granite  for  the  con- 
struction of  the  tower  should  be  taken  from  the 
quarries  of  John  L.  Goss,  of  Stonington,  Me.,  or 

154 


■2   X 


o 


THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

^hose  of  the  Rockport  Granite  Company,  of  Rock- 
port,  Mass.,  at  the  option  of  the  superintendent  of 
construction.  Stipulations  were  also  made  as  to  the 
quality  of  the  cement  to  be  used  and  as  to  that  of  the 
concrete  work,  which  was  to  be  employed  in  certain 
portions  of  the  structure,  such  as  stairs,  incline,  roof, 
etc.  It  was  stipulated  that  all  materials  to  be  used 
should  be  subject  to  a  rigid  inspection,  by  an  in- 
spector employed  by  the  superintendent,  represent- 
ing the  government;  that  the  work  should  be  begun 
at  once,  and  that  the  tower  should  be  completed  on  or 
before  the  thirty-first  day  of  December,  1909,  under 
a  penalty  of  a  forfeiture  of  five  dollars  a  day  for  each 
day's  delay  in  the  completion  of  the  work  beyond 
that  date. 

The  specifications  for  the  work  of  erecting  the 
tower  were  exceedingly  minute  and  carefully  drawn. 
The  contractor  was  obliged  to  furnish  all  labor  and 
materials  for  the  erection  of  the  tower,  except  doors, 
windows  and  shutters  and  their  frames,  grills  for  win- 
dows and  doors,  rainwater  leaders  and  lightning  con- 
ductors. The  walls  were  to  be  constructed  of  massive 
blocks  of  granite,  each  to  be  of  the  entire  thickness  of 
the  wall.  They  were  to  be  reinforced  at  each  of  the 
four  corners  by  six  rods  of  twisted  steel  which  had 
their  origin  at  the  bottom  of  the  concrete  foundation. 
These  rods  were  to  rise  to  the  height  of  the  structure, 
concealed  in  a  tiny  chamber  between  the  stones  and 
surrounded  solidly  with  cement.    These  rods  were  to 

155 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

develop  a  tensile  strength  of  not  less  than  fifty  thou- 
sand pounds  per  square  inch.  In  addition  to  these 
upright  steel  rods,  the  tower  was  to  be  tied  together, 
at  four  different  points,  with  horizontal  bands  of 
steel,  four  inches  in  width,  extending  entirely  around 
the  structure  and  pinned  securely  to  the  stones  at  the 
corners. 

It  was  stipulated  that  only  fresh  water  should  be 
used  in  making  the  mortar  and  concrete  for  the  tower ; 
that  all  sand  should  be  clean  and  sharp  and  free  from 
dirt  and  vegetable  matter;  that  the  broken  stone  to 
be  used  in  making  the  concrete  should  be  pieces  of 
hard,  durable  rock,  such  as  trap,  granite,  or  limestone, 
and  that  each  fragment  must  be  able  to  pass  through 
a  ring  one  and  a  half  Inches  in  diameter.  It  was  pro- 
vided that  the  granite  should  be  strong  and  durable 
and  free  from  rot,  damaging  or  defacing  defects,  and 
all  of  the  same  general  color.  Each  stone  was  to  have 
the  exposed  parts  fresh  quarry  faces  and  free  from 
natural  or  seam  faces.  All  stones  were  to  be  cut  to 
the  sizes  and  shapes  to  fit  accurately  the  requirements, 
as  shown  in  the  drawings;  to  be  squared  to  lay  hori- 
zontal beds  and  vertical  joints.  The  surfaces  form- 
ing the  horizontal  and  vertical  joints  were  to  be 
dressed  to  lay  to  joints  not  exceeding  one  inch  thick. 
The  courses  of  stone  were  to  be  not  less  than  eighteen 
and  not  mor^  than  thirty  inches  in  height. 

The  mortar  to  be  used  in  laying  the  stones  was  to 
be  of  one  part  Portland  cement  and  three  parts  sand, 

156 


THE     PILGRIM     MOXLMi:XT     IN     CONS  I'UL  CI  UJ 
164     FEKT    ABOVE    THE    BASE. 


THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

to  be  mixed  in  small  quantities  only;  and  mortar  left 
overnight  was  forbidden  to  be  used.  Each  stone 
was  to  be  cleaned  before  being  set,  and  thoroughly 
wet,  to  insure  complete  adhesion  to  the  mortar.  The 
use  of  stone  chips  in  bedding  stones  or  in  filling  joints 
was  prohibited,  and  the  setting  of  stones  in  freezing 
weather  was  also  forbidden. 

It  was  provided  that  the  concrete  to  be  used  for 
floors,  vamps,  stairs,  and  other  structural  purposes 
should  be  of  one  part  Portland  cement,  three  parts 
sand,  and  six  parts  of  broken  stone;  and  all  portions 
exposed  to  footwear  were  to  have  a  one-inch  finish  of 
mortar,  composed  of  one  part  Portland  cement  to  two 
parts  of  sand,  rubbed  down  to  a  granolithic  finisL 
The  floors  were  to  be  supported  by  steel  beams,  prop- 
erly set  in  the  masonry,  and  all  joints  throughout  the 
structure  were  to  be  well  pointed  in  the  final  comple- 
tion of  the  work. 

On  the  eighteenth  day  of  June,  1908,  the  work  of 
construction  of  the  tower  was  begun.  The  first  stone, 
a  large  granite  block  weighing  upward  of  four  tons, 
was  swung  into  its  place  upon  the  foundation.  There 
were  no  formal  ceremonies  at  the  beginning  of  the 
work,  but  there  were  present,  as  representatives  of 
the  Monument  Association,  its  president,  Captain  J. 
Henry  Sears;  its  secretary,  Osborn  Nickerson;  its 
treasurer,  Howard  F.  Hopkins,  and  H.  H.  Sears,  of 
Hyannis,  and  Everett  I.  Nye,  of  Wellfleet,  directors. 
Lorenzo  D.  Baker,  Jr.,  of  Wellfleet,  was  also  of  the 

157 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

party,  representing  his  father,  Captain  Lorenzo  D. 
Baker,  one  of  the  directors  and  a  member  of  the  build- 
ing committee.  The  work  was  begun  and  continued 
under  the  immediate  direction  of  Fred  George,  rep- 
resenting the  contractors,  and  Will  A.  Clark,  an  in- 
spector on  behalf  of  the  United  States  Government, 
who  made  daily  reports  of  the  progress  of  the  work 
to  Colonel  Burr  at  the  office  of  the  United  States 
Engineer  Corps,  at  Boston. 

The  work  thus  begun  proceeded  rapidly  throughout 
the  summer  and  autumn.  The  granite  was  brought 
in  vessels  from  the  quarry  at  Stonington,  Me.,  and 
unloaded  at  Provincetown  upon  a  float  moored  at  the 
wharf.  From  the  float  the  blocks  were  swung,  by 
means  of  a  derrick,  upon  trucks  and  dragged  to  the 
foot  of  the  hill.  Here,  by  means  of  a  second  derrick, 
they  were  removed,  one  by  one,  to  a  small  railway 
car  and,  by  means  of  rails  laid  over  the  face  of  the 
hill  and  a  stationary  engine  at  the  summit,  they  were 
drawn  rapidly  to  the  top  of  the  hill.  Here,  by  means 
of  a  third  derrick,  they  were  unloaded  and  delivered 
to  the  stonecutters.  Each  stone  was  then  cut  to  meas- 
urement and  properly  dressed,  according  to  the  spec- 
ifications and  in  conformity  to  the  carefully  prepared 
working  drawings.  Each  tier  of  stone  was  carefully 
planned,  the  stones  being  cut  to  a  nicety  and  carefully 
lettered  and  numbered,  to  show  the  exact  spot  for 
which  each  was  designed.  There  was  therefore  no 
confusion  in  the  placing  of  the  stones,  each  separate 

158 


THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

block  falling  into  its  place  with  remarkable  accuracy. 
At  the  seventeenth,  or  "  Q,"  tier  the  work  M^as  begun 
of  placing  in  their  proper  places  in  the  wall  a  num- 
ber of  memorial  stones  presented  by  societies  of  May- 
flower descendants,  by  towns  in  eastern  Massachu- 
setts, and  others.  The  first  of  these  to  be  swung  into 
position  was  that  bearing  this  inscription: 

Society  of  Mayflower  Descendants  in 

Rhode   Island   and   Providence   Plantations, 

1901 

The  second  to  be  placed  in  position  was  inscribed: 

Pilgrim  Trading  Post, 

1625 

"  Up  a  River  called  Kennibeck." 

Maine 

Society  of  Mayflower  Descendants 

Founded  IPOI 

The  third  stone  placed  was  that  given  by  the 
Connecticut  Society  of  Mayflower  Descendants;  the 
fourth  bore  the  inscription,  "  Tribute  from  Illinois, 
1908."  Other  stones  speedily  followed,  the  gifts  of 
the  Mayflower  societies  of  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsjdvania,  Ohio,  Michigan,  the  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, of  the  General  Society  of  Mayflower  De- 
scendants, and  from  the  Pilgrim  Club  of  Brewster, 
in  which  originated  the  active  movement  which  found 
its  culmination  in  the  erection  of  the  monument.  In 
all  one  hundred  and  thirty-three  of  these  stones  were 

159 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

placed  in  position,  where  their  inscriptions  may  be 
easily  read  by  visitors  ascending  the  monument. 

The  work  of  the  erection  of  the  monument  was 
prosecuted  with  vigor  until  the  twenty-sixth  day  of 
November,  1908,  when  the  inclemency  of  the  weather 
required  it  to  be  abandoned  for  the  winter.  On  the 
seventh  day  of  April,  1909,  work  was  resumed,  and 
was  prosecuted  steadily  until  the  twenty-first  day  of 
August.  Slowly  the  lofty  structure  arose,  until  it  be- 
came not  only  the  most  conspicuous  object  in  the 
town,  but  attracted  the  attention  of  observers  far  up 
the  cape  and  for  many  miles  at  sea. 

On  the  day  last  named  it  was  announced  that  the 
labors  of  the  builders  were  nearly  ended  and  that  the 
last  stone  was  prepared  and  was  ready  to  be  placed 
in  position  upon  the  topmost  battlement.  An  inter- 
ested company  of  spectators  was  in  attendance  to  wit- 
ness the  ceremony.  Foremost  in  the  company  was 
the  president  of  the  association,  Captain  J.  Henry 
Sears,  to  whose  energy  and  unselfish  devotion  this 
culmination  of  a  long-cherished  hope  was  chiefly  due. 
Beside  him  stood  the  secretary  of  the  association,  Mr. 
Osborn  Nickerson,  of  Chathamport;  H.  H.  Sears, 
Lorenzo  D.  Baker,  Jr.,  and  Everett  C.  Nye,  direc- 
tors ;  the  historian  of  the  association,  and  Hon.  H.  V. 
Freeman,  of  Chicago,  one  of  the  vice  presidents. 
There  was  also  present  a  delegation  from  the  Pilgrim 
Club,  of  Brewster,  including  Mrs.  J.  Henry  Sears, 
James  E.  Hills,  Mrs.  W.  W.  Knowles,  Mrs.  L.  A. 

160 


THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

Crocker,  Mrs.  S.  M.  Nickerson,  Mrs.  H.  H.  Collins, 
and  Rev.  E.  A.  Chase. 

The  last  stone  was  in  form  a  double  parallelogram, 
the  two  parts  being  at  right  angles  with  each  other. 
Its  greatest  length  was  five  feet  four  inches  and  its 
least  two  feet  six  inches.  Its  weight  was  about  one 
ton.  The  stone  was  attached  to  the  derrick  chain  by 
"  the  strong  grip  of  a  lewis,"  and  four  persons  took 
their  places  upon  it.  These  were  Mr.  W.  A.  Clarke, 
the  government  inspector  of  the  work,  who  had  ap- 
plied the  square,  level,  and  plumb  to  every  stone  in 
the  building,  from  the  bottom  to  the  top,  and  who  had 
watched  every  movement  in  the  work  with  the  utmost 
vigilance;  Mr.  Richard  J.  Pearson,  the  derrick  man, 
who  had  directed  the  raising  of  every  stone  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  wall;  Miss  Isabel  George,  eleven  years  of 
age,  and  JNIiss  Annie  Cromar,  fourteen  years  of  age, 
the  daughter  and  the  niece  of  Mr.  Fred  George,  the 
foreman  of  the  stonework  construction.  The  stone,  at 
a  signal  from  Mr.  Clarke,  rose  rapidly  to  the  summit 
of  the  highest  battlement,  where  it  found  its  resting 
place  upon  the  northeast  corner,  directly  above  the 
corner  stone,  two  hundred  and  fifty-two  feet  below. 
Here  it  was  received  by  Mr.  George  and  a  force  of 
workmen,  who  speedily  placed  it  in  position. 

This  completed  the  stonework  of  the  structure.  In 
height  the  walls  are  252  feet  71  inches  above  the  foun- 
dation. The  foundation  is  60  feet  square  at  the  bot- 
tom and  28  feet  square  at  the  top.     In  depth  the 

161 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

foundation  is  13  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground. 
From  the  original  surface  of  the  ground  to  the  first 
"  wash  "  or  narrowing  of  the  wall  the  distance  is  21 
feet  3  inches;  to  the  second  "  wash,"  33  feet  11  inches; 
to  the  third  "  wash,"  44  feet  4  inches.  The  outside 
dimensions  of  the  walls  are  27  feet  square  to  the  first 
narrowing.  The  inside  dimensions  of  the  wall  are  17 
feet  throughout  the  entire  height.  The  walls  are  5 
feet  in  thickness  at  the  bottom  and  3  feet  above  the 
third  "  wash,"  each  "  wash  "  being  8  inches  in  width. 
From  the  base  to  the  sill  of  the  first  window  on  the 
south  face  of  the  structure  is  a  height  of  36  feet  11 
inches;  to  the  sill  of  the  second  window,  62  feet  8 
inches;  to  the  sill  of  the  third  window,  106  feet 
8  inches;  to  the  sill  of  the  fourth  window,  150  feet  8 
inches.  From  the  base  to  the  first  balcony  deck  is  a 
height  of  204  feet  4  inches;  to  the  first  gargoyle,  189 
feet;  to  the  second  gargoyle,  229  feet  10  inches;  to 
the  top  of  the  battlement,  252  feet  72  inches.  The 
arched  windows  in  the  belfry  are  29  feet  10  inches 
high  and  7  feet  wide.  At  the  first  balcony  deck  the 
structure  widens  to  29  feet  6  inches  square ;  at  the  top 
of  the  belfry  it  is  21  feet  4  inches  square. 

The  completion  of  the  stonework  of  the  structure 
was  not  the  entire  completion  of  the  monument. 
There  still  remained  to  construct  the  incline  in  the 
interior  of  the  monument,  which  it  had  been  deter- 
mined should  take  the  place  of  stairways  to  give  ac- 
cess to  the  top.     But  one  structure  in  the  world  is 

162 


PATRICK    T.     MAGUIRE, 
CONTRACTOR    AXD    BUILDER. 


W.    A.     CLARK, 
GOVERNMENT    INSPECTOR. 


FREDERIC     GEORGE, 
FOREMAN    OF    MASONRY    WORK. 


THE    ERECTION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

known  to  have  had  this  feature,  that  being  the  his- 
toric campanile  San  IVIarco,  at  Venice.  This  inchne 
is  constructed  of  steel  and  concrete  and  is  self-sup- 
porting, the  rise  being  at  about  the  rate  of  one  inch 
in  each  foot.  The  construction  of  the  walls  had  been 
after  a  somewhat  novel  plan,  no  outer  staging  having 
been  erected  during  the  work.  A  heavy  timberwork 
was  erected  in  the  interior  of  the  structure,  and  grad- 
ually increased  in  height  as  the  building  of  the  walls 
progressed.  This  timberwork  projected  above  the 
stonework  and  supported  a  swinging  staging  hang- 
ing upon  the  outer  walls.  From  this  swinging  stag- 
ing the  building  of  the  walls  was  done.  At  the  com- 
pletion of  the  walls  this  interior  timberwork,  of  course, 
remained  in  place,  and  it  was  proposed  to  utilize  it  as 
a  staging  for  the  construction  of  the  interior  incline. 
It  was  therefore  necessary  to  reverse  the  usual  order 
of  construction  and  adopt  the  novel  plan  of  build- 
ing the  inchne  from  the  top  of  the  walls  downward, 
removing  the  timberwork  as  the  work  progressed. 
When,  therefore,  the  last  of  the  incline  had  been  put 
in  position,  the  timberwork  had  been  necessarily  all 
removed  and  the  structure  was  completed. 

The  work  of  constructing  the  incline  was  begun 
almost  immediately  after  the  completion  of  the  walls 
and  was  continued  through  the  winter  of  1909-10, 
steam  pipes  being  put  into  the  monument  and  sup- 
plied with  steam  from  the  boilers  connected  with  the 
engine  used  in  the  work.     This  winter  work  was 

163 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

necessary,  since  it  was  the  desire  of  the  officers  of 
the  Monument  Association  that  the  edifice  should  be 
wholly  completed  and  in  readiness  for  the  dedicatory 
exercises  early  in  August  of  the  coming  year.  The 
work  of  constructing  the  interior  works  was  com- 
pleted on  March  29,  1910,  although  some  details 
even  then  remained  incomplete.  These  included  the 
bronze  grills  at  the  window  openings,  the  bronze  rail- 
ings in  the  arches  of  the  belfry,  the  massive  oak  doors 
at  the  entrances,  and  the  close  wooden  shutters,  which 
serve  to  keep  out  the  storms  of  winter.  All  these 
details  were  completed  and  the  final  blows  struck,  in 
the  erection  of  the  structure,  in  June,  1910.  The 
bronze  tablet  over  the  south  entrance  was  placed  in 
position  about  the  first  of  August,  a  few  days  before 
the  dedicatory  exercises  were  held. 


VII 

THE  DEDICATION   OF   THE    MONUMENT 

THE  monument  having  been  completed,  the  day 
for  its  dedication  was  fixed  upon  the  fifth  of 
August,  1910,  the  anniversary  of  the  day  on 
which  the  Pilgrims  set  sail  from  Southampton  for 
their  voyage  to  this  country.  The  citizens  of  Prov- 
incetown  offered  their  services  with  great  willingness 
to  the  president  of  the  Memorial  Association  in  pre- 
paring for  the  important  event.  The  General  Court 
of  JNIassachusetts  appropriated  the  sum  of  three  thou- 
sand dollars  to  defray  a  portion  of  the  expenses,  and 
the  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth,  the  Honorable 
Eben  S.  Draper,  early  declared  his  intention  of  being 
present  and  assisting  in  the  exercises  of  the  day.  The 
President  of  the  United  States,  the  Honorable  Will- 
iam H.  Taft,  responded  graciously  to  an  invitation 
to  be  present,  and  Charles  W.  Eliot,  LL.D.,  presi- 
dent emeritus  of  Harvard  University,  gladly  accepted 
an  invitation  to  make  the  principal  address. 

The  success  of  the  dedicatory  exercises  being  thus 
assured,  the  directors  of  the  association  and  a  large 
committee  of  citizens  made  elaborate  preparations  for 
13  165 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

the  event.  As  upon  the  occasion  of  the  laying  of  the 
corner  stone,  an  ample  platform,  with  a  large  system 
of  raised  seats  for  the  use  of  spectators,  was  erected 
at  the  south  of  the  monument,  the  entire  structure 
affording  accommodations  for  upward  of  three  thou- 
sand people.  Upon  the  day  previous  to  that  set  for 
the  ceremony,  the  Atlantic  fleet  of  the  Navy  of  the 
United  States,  comprising  eight  battleships,  under 
the  command  of  Rear-Admiral  Seaton  Schroeder, 
entered  the  harbor  to  assist  in  the  dedicatory  cere- 
monies. The  fleet  included  battleships  Connecticut 
(flagship  of  commander  in  chief),  Michigan,  Missis- 
sippi, Idaho  J  Louisiana  (flagship  of  commander  of 
second  division).  South  Carolina,  Kansas,  and  New 
Hampshire;  supply  ship  Celtic^  repair  ship  Panther, 
tender  Yankton,  hospital  ship  Solace,  collier  Mars, 
and  tug  Patuxent. 

These  and  other  preliminary  arrangements  having 
been  made,  the  arrival  of  the  principaj  guests  of  the 
day  was  awaited  with  interest.  Early  upon  the  morn- 
ing of  the  day  fixed,  Governor  Draper  arrived  in  the 
harbor  in  the  steam  yacht  Waconda,  accompanied  by 
Lieutenant-Governor  Frothingham,  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral William  H.  Brigham  of  the  State  Militia,  and 
Majors  Guy  Murchie,  Talbot  Aldrich,  and  Philip  H. 
Sears,  of  his  staff.  Colonel  Charles  Hayden,  the 
owner  of  the  Waconda,  was  also  a  member  of  the 
party. 

Soon  after  the  arrival  of  the  governor,  the  govem- 

166 


THE    PILGRIM    MONUMENT     DURING     THE     CEREMONIES 
OF    DEDICATION. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

merit  despatch  boat  Dolphin  arrived  in  the  harbor, 
conveying  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  the  Honorable 
George  von  L.  Meyer. 

At  about  nine-thirty  o'clock  the  government  yacht 
Mayflower,  with  the  President  and  his  party  on  board, 
entered  the  harbor  of  Provincetown  and  dropped 
anchor  near  the  place  where  the  ship  Mayflower  is 
believed  to  have  anchored  in  November,  1620.  The 
President  was  received  with  the  customary  naval 
honors  by  the  vessels  of  the  Atlantic  fleet.  The  ad- 
miral of  the  fleet,  accompanied  by  the  captains  of  the 
battleships,  paid  his  respects  to  the  President  on  board 
the  Mayflower,  which  courtesy  was,  soon  after,  re- 
turned by  President  Taft.  These  ceremonies  being 
concluded,  the  President  made  a  landing  upon  the 
pier,  where  he  was  received  by  Governor  Draper, 
President  J.  Henry  Sears,  of  the  Pilgrim  Memorial 
Association,  and  Mr.  Artemas  P.  Hannum,  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Selectmen  of  Provincetown  and 
also  chairman  of  the  local  committee  of  arrangements. 
President  Taft  was  accompanied  in  his  voyage  from 
his  summer  home  at  Beverly,  Mass.,  by  Mrs.  Taft, 
their  young  son  Charles,  Senator  Henry  Cabot  Lodge, 
of  Massachusetts,  Associate  Justice  White  of  the 
United  States  Supreme  Court,  and  Senator  George 
Peabody  Wetmore,  of  Rhode  Island,  beside  his  sec- 
retary, Mr.  Charles  D.  Norton. 

Escorted  by  a  force  of  marines  from  the  fleet  and 
accompanied  by  the  persons  already  named,  the  Presi- 

167 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

dent  was  taken  in  a  carriage  to  the  summit  of  Town 
Hill,  where,  at  the  base  of  the  monument,  the  dedica- 
tory exercises  were  to  be  held.  Upon  the  platform 
were  seated  the  President's  party,  including  all  al- 
ready mentioned  and  a  brilhant  array  of  officers  from 
the  Atlantic  fleet  in  the  harbor.     These  comprised: 

Rear-Admiral  Seaton  Schroeder,  U.  S.  Navy,  Commander  in 
Chief,  U.  S.  Atlantic  Fleet;  Rear-Admiral  C.  E.  Vreeland,  U.  S. 
Navy,  Commander,  Second  Division,  U.  S.  Atlantic  Fleet;  Cap- 
tain C.  J.  Badger,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  U.  S.  S.  Kansas;  Cap- 
tain N.  R.  Usher,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  U.  S.  S.  Michigan; 
Captain  W.  F.  Fullam,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  U.  S.  S.  Missis- 
sippi; Captain  A.  G.  Winterhalter,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  U.  S.  S. 
Louisiana;  Captain  A.  F.  Fechteler,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  U. 
S.  S.  South  Carolina;  Captain  H.  O.  Dunn,  U.  S.  N.,  Command- 
ing U.  S.  S.  Idaho;  Captain  T.  S.  Rodgers,  U.  S.  N.,  Command- 
ing U.  S.  S.  New  Hampshire;  Captain  W.  R.  Rush,  U.  S.  N., 
Commanding  U.  S.  S.  Connecticut,  and  Commanding  the  Naval 
Brigade  landed  for  the  purpose,  and  as  escort  to  the  President; 
Commander  J.  S.  McKean,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  U.  S.  S. 
Panther;  Commander  G.  W.  Logan,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding 
U.  S.  S.  Mayflower;  Commander  A.  B.  Hoff,  U.  S.  N.,  Command- 
ing U.  S.  S.  Celtic;  Lieutenant-Commander  G.  W.  Law,  U.  S.  N., 
Commanding  U.  S.  S.  Dolphin,  and  aid  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
Navy;  Lieutenant  O.  W.  Fowler,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  U.  S.  S. 
Yankton,  and  aid  to  the  Commander  in  Chief;  Surgeon  George 
Pickrell,  U.  S.  N.,  Commanding  Hospital  Ship  Solace;  Lieuten- 
ant R.  D.  White,  U.  S.  N.,  Flag  Lieutenant  to  Commander  in 
Chief;  Lieutenant  J.  K,  Taussig,  U.  S.  N.,  Flag  Lieutenant  to 
Commander,  Second  Division;  Lieutenant  G.  T.  Rowclifif,  U.  S. 
N.,  Naval  Aid  to  President. 

Upon    the    platform    were    also    Jonkheer    H.    M. 
Van  Weede,  Secretary  of  the  Netherlands  legation 

168 


a 


5  S 

<  'A 


C  r5 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

at  Washington;  Hon.  James  T.  McCleary,  repre- 
sentative in  Congress  from  Minnesota;  Hon.  John 
F.  Fitzgerald,  Mayor  of  Boston,  and  Hon.  Charles 
O.  Brightman,  Hon.  J.  Stearns  Cushing,  Hon.  Wil- 
liam F.  Murray,  Hon.  Walter  S.  Glidden,  and  Hon. 
August  H.  Goetting,  of  the  Governor's  Council. 

At  eleven  o'clock  the  exercises  were  opened  with 
prayer  by  Rev.  James  De  Normandie,  of  Boston. 

PRAYER    BY    REV.    JAMES    DE    NORMANDIE 

O  Father,  Lord  of  Heaven  and  earth,  in  whose 
hands  are  the  destinies  of  nations  and  the  affairs  of 
men,  and  the  issues  of  life,  as  we  gather  to  dedicate 
this  monument  to  those  who  hereabout  helped  to  lay 
the  foundations  of  this  country,  and  laid  them  in  Thy 
fear,  and  covenanted  to  walk  together  in  helpfulness 
— we  crave  a  blessing  at  Thy  hands.  Thou  who  art  so 
full  of  blessings. 

We  thank  Thee  that  Thou  hast  put  it  into  the  hearts 
of  their  children  to  build  this  memorial  to  the  labors 
and  sufferings,  the  hopes  and  promises  and  the  vir- 
tues of  their  fathers,  and  for  those  who  see  the  earnest 
purpose  of  years  this  day  fulfilled. 

Now  that  we  have  grown  to  be  a  nation  so  great 
and  powerful,  and  prosperous  and  free,  may  we  dedi- 
cate ourselves  anew  to  those  things  which  are  the  true 
greatness  and  glory  of  a  land,  not  its  size,  nor  its 
strength,  nor  its  riches,  nor  its  merchandise,  nor  the 

169 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

munitions  of  war,  but  its  justice,  its  truth,  its  honor, 
its  peace,  its  righteousness. 

May  we,  too,  covenant  to  walk  together  in  help- 
fulness. 

Bend  with  Thy  gracious  and  protecting  Providence 
over  all  these  Thy  servants  who  have  been  called  by 
this  people  to  places  of  trust,  from  the  Chief  Magis- 
trate of  this  nation,  the  Governor  of  this  Common- 
wealth, to  the  humblest  officials,  and  make  them  faith- 
ful to  their  duties,  without  regard  to  the  favor  or  the 
fear  of  man.  Give  them  wisdom  and  guidance  from 
Thyself.  May  there  not  be  one  to  shrink  from  truth 
and  honor  or  to  stand  indifferent  to  the  higher  things 
— the  things  which  abide  and  are  eternal.  We  thank 
Thee  that  we  live  at  the  end  of  so  many  years  with 
their  revelations  of  Thy  will,  and  with  all  human  ex- 
periences, and  the  memories  of  all  the  noble  men  and 
women  who  have  walked  in  Thy  ways,  and  that  we 
live  at  the  beginning  of  so  many  years  Svith  all  their 
obligations  and  opportunities.  Help  us  to  pay  the 
debt  we  owe  to  the  past  by  the  added  inheritances  of 
truth  and  virtue  we  bequeath  to  the  future. 

As  long  as  the  heavens  bend  over  the  earth,  and 
the  hills  stand  firm,  and  the  rivers  run  into  the  sea, 
and  the  tides  come  and  go,  may  Thy  Spirit  rest  gra- 
ciously upon  this  land,  and  may  there  be  more  and 
more  to  follow  the  good  examples  of  the  departed 
and  to  labor  for  Thy  Kingdom. 

We  thank  Thee  that  since  the  world  began  it  has 

170 


THE    REV.    JAMES    DE    NORMANDIE,    D.D. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

been  growing  better,  and  may  one  evil  after  another 
be  removed  from  our  midst,  and  unto  Thee  will  we 
all  pray  together,  as  He  who  is  to  us  the  way,  the 
truth,  the  life,  taught  us  to  pray — 

Our  Father,  who  art  in  heaven,  hallowed  be  Thy 
name.  Thy  kingdom  come.  Thy  will  be  done  on 
earth  as  it  is  in  heaven.  Give  us  this  day  our  daily 
bread.  And  forgive  us  our  trespasses,  as  we  forgive 
those  who  trespass  against  us.  And  lead  us  not  into 
temptation.  But  deliver  us  from  evil.  For  thine  is 
the  kingdom,  and  the  power,  and  the  glory,  forever 
and  ever.    Amen. 

The  Harvard  Quartet,  of  Boston,  composed  of 
Lester  M.  Bartlett,  Wirt  Phillips,  Jewell  Boyd,  and 
John  Thomas,  then  sang  a  "  Hymn  to  the  Pil- 
grims," written  for  the  occasion  by  Rev.  William 
Elliot  Griffis,  D.D.,  L.H.D.,  of  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  to 
music  written  by  Lester  M.  Bartlett. 

HYMN    TO    THE    PILGRIMS 
Forth  from  their  motherland  outcast. 
Our  fathers  fled  to  find  a  home ; 
Long  dwelt  they  guests,  in  conscience  free, 
Within  a  State  without  a  throne. 

Thou  wast  their  King,  their  Judge,  their  Law, 
Their  Guiding  Star  across  the  deep. 
Here  on  this  strand  they  bent  the  knee. 
And  vowed  thy  covenant  to  keep. 
171 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

They  reared  a  beacon  for  our  faith, 
And  we  would  follow  them,  as  they 
Marched  with  the  Captain  of  their  souls, 
On  service  sweet  in  freedom's  way. 

Spirit  of  truth,  lead  us  their  sons, 
Let  light  e'er  break  forth  from  thy  Word, 
Our  hearts  incline,  with  grace  inspire 
Our  souls  to  dare  and  do,  O  Lord! 

President  J.  Henry  Sears,  of  the  Pilgrim  Memo- 
rial Association,  made  the  opening  address  of  wel- 
come, congratulation,  and  introduction. 

REMARKS    OF    PRESIDENT    SEARS 

On  the  first  day  of  August,  1620,  a  little  band  of 
English  exiles  sailed  from  Delfthaven  for  Southamp- 
ton on  a  small  vessel  called  the  Speedwell.  They  had 
left  England  some  ten  years  before  and  had  been  re- 
siding in  Holland,  when,  becoming  discontented,  they 
decided  to  seek  a  home  in  the  New  World.  This  little 
band  of  Pilgrims  numbered  about  seventy  persons, 
which  number  was  considerably  augmented  by  acces- 
sions from  London  and  elsewhere  in  England  who 
were  awaiting  the  arrival  of  the  Speedwell  at  South- 
ampton, where  the  Mayflower  lay  awaiting  the  party. 
On  the  fifth  of  August,  1620,  two  hundred  and  ninety 
years  ago  to-day,  both  vessels  started  on  their  voy- 
age across  the  Atlantic.    But  the  Speedwell  leaking 

172 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

badly,  they  both  put  back  to  Dartmouth.  On  Sep- 
tember second  they  again  started,  but  the  Speedwell 
still  leaking,  they  again  put  back,  this  time  to  Plym- 
outh, where  a  portion  of  the  passengers  of  the  Speed- 
well were  transferred  to  the  Mayflower. 

On  the  sixteenth  of  September  the  Mayflower,  with 
her  passengers,  numbering  one  hundred  and  two, 
sailed  for  the  northern  coast  of  Virginia.  On  the 
ninth  of  November  they  sighted  Cape  Cod,  and  on 
the  eleventh  they  came  to  anchor  in  this  harbor.  The 
same  day,  before  they  came  to  harbor,  they  signed 
the  Compact,  a  framework  of  civil  self-government, 
the  basis  of  the  government  of  this  great  Republic, 
and  elected  their  first  governor.  To  commemorate 
the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims  on  American  soil  and  the 
signing  of  the  Compact  this  monument  has  been 
erected. 

The  Mayflower  remained  in  this  harbor  for  thirty- 
five  days.  During  that  time  parties  w^ere  sent  out  to 
endeavor  to  find  a  suitable  place  for  a  settlement. 
After  encircling  Cape  Cod  Bay  they  reached  Plym- 
outh, where  they  decided  to  fix  their  residence,  and 
later  the  Mayflower  with  its  company  was  taken  there. 
The  first  landing  on  American  soil  was  in  this  place; 
the  first  settlement  was  at  Plymouth.  In  this  harbor 
was  born  the  first  child  of  the  Pilgrims ;  here  was  the 
first  death  among  the  colonists,  Dorothy,  wife  of 
William  Bradford. 

The  erection  of  a  monument  to  commemorate  the 

173 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

landing  of  the  Pilgrims  had  been  in  the  minds  of  men 
for  more  than  fifty  years.  The  present  association 
was  formed  in  1892  and  incorporated  at  that  time, 
but  little  was  done  until  1902,  when  it  applied  to  the 
General  Court  for  an  appropriation  of  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars.  This  was  granted,  with  a  proviso 
that  an  equal  amount  should  be  provided  from  other 
sources.  This  amount  was  provided  through  a  pub- 
lic subscription,  and  in  1905  the  sum  of  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars  was  paid  from  the  treasury  of  the 
Commonwealth. 

In  the  meantime  a  bill  had  been  introduced  into 
Congress  appropriating  the  sum  of  forty  thousand 
dollars,  provided  an  equal  amount  should  be  provided 
from  other  sources.  This  bill  was  before  Congress 
for  two  terms,  but  in  June,  1907,  it  was  finally  passed. 
The  amount  in  the  treasury  of  the  association  was 
now  about  ninety  thousand  dollars. 

By  the  terms  of  the  act  of  Congress  the  monument 
must  be  built  under  the  superintendence  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
the  president  of  the  Pilgrim  INIonument  Association. 
These  three  met  and  organized  by  the  election  of  the 
Secretary  of  War  as  president  of  the  commission  and 
the  president  of  the  association  as  its  secretary.  The 
commission  authorized  Lieutenant- Colonel  Edward 
Burr,  of  the  United  States  Army  Corps  of  Engi- 
neers, to  act  as  engineer  and  disbursing  officer. 
Through  the  consulting  architect,  Willard  T.  Sears, 

174 


> 
o 
o 

o 

o 

w 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

advertisements  were  issued  calling  for  designs  for  the 
proposed  monument;  but  it  was  finally  decided  to 
adopt,  with  some  slight  modifications,  the  design  of 
a  tower  in  Siena,  Italy.  Contracts  were  made  and 
the  work  was  begun  on  the  foundation  in  May,  1907. 

The  corner  stone  was  laid  on  August  20th  of  that 
year  in  the  presence  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States  and  other  distinguished  guests.  The  monu- 
ment was  completed  in  June  of  the  present  year. 
Placed  in  the  interior  of  the  monument  are  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  memorial  stones  given  by  different 
towns  and  societies. 

The  monument  is  built  as  firmly  and  as  strong  as 
is  possible  for  human  hands  to  build.  Its  summit 
stands  two  hundred  and  fifty-two  feet  above  the  base, 
and  three  hundred  and  forty-five  above  the  sea.  The 
work  is  now  done,  and  here  we,  in  the  presence  of  our 
distinguished  guests,  dedicate  it  to  the  American  peo- 
ple. It  will  stand  here  for  generations  to  recall  to 
the  nation  the  event  which  was  the  corner  stone  of  the 
Republic. 

When  the  corner  stone  of  this  monument  was  laid, 
three  years  ago,  two  men  stood  before  our  country  as 
the  leaders  of  affairs — the  one  in  politics,  the  other  in 
education  and  in  letters.  The  first  we  had  with  us 
upon  that  day  of  inception,  the  eyes  of  the  people 
upon  him,  their  ears  strained  to  listen  to  his  words. 
To-day,  at  this  time  of  the  fruition  of  our  hopes  and 
of  our  labors,  we  are  to  listen  to  the  educator  and  the 

175 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

scholar,  whose  name  is  famihar  in  two  continents — 
President  emeritus  Charles  W.  Eliot,  of  Harvard 
College. 

President  Eliot  was  received  with  much  cordiality 
by  the  vast  throng  which  filled  the  seats,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  deliver  the  principal  address  of  the  day. 

ADDRESS    OF    CHARLES    W.    ELIOT,    LL.D. 

What  a  contrast  between  our  surroundings  here 
to-day  and  the  scenes  and  sounds  which  greeted  the 
Pilgrims  two  hundred  and  ninety  years  ago  ijQ  this 
Cape  Cod  Harbor — welcome  refuge  from  the  perils 
and  miseries  of  the  vast  and  furious  ocean  on  which 
they  had  three  times  set  out  from  England  for  north- 
ern Virginia,  first  from  Southampton  on  August 
15th,  then  from  Dartmouth  about  September  2d,  and 
finally  from  Plymouth  on  September  16th!  Then, 
they  looked  anxiously  "  on  a  hideous  and  desolate 
wilderness  full  of  wild  beasts  and  wild  men,  and  what 
multitude  there  might  be  of  them  they  knew  not,"  as 
their  annalist,  William  Bradford,  says.  No  friend 
was  there  to  greet  them ;  no  shelters  on  the  wintry  land 
were  ready  for  them;  they  could  count  on  no  human 
succour ;  they  heard  no  sounds  except  the  cries  of  sea- 
birds,  the  breaking  of  the  waves,  the  sighing  or  rush- 
ing of  the  wind,  or  some  yelp  or  scream  from  the 
thickets  on  the  shore — was  it  of  savage  beast  or  sav- 
age man?    A  great  solitude  encompassed  them;  their 

176 


CHARLES    W. 


ELIOT,    LL.D.,    PRESIDENT    EMERITUS    OF 
HARVARD    UNIVERSITY. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

little  vessel — the  Mayflower  measured  only  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  tons — floated  on  a  lonely  sea  without 
a  sail ;  and  westward  stretched  to  unknown  distances  a 
mysterious  wilderness.  Now,  countless  human  habi- 
tations meet  our  view ;  a  happy  and  prosperous  popu- 
lation occupies  the  smiling  land  and  confidently  uses 
the  tamed  ocean,  with  its  ports,  islands,  and  inlets,  for 
its  business  and  its  pleasures.  Where  the  Mayflower 
rested  alone  from  November  21st  to  December  26th, 
1620,  we  see  a  throng  of  vessels,  some  for  pleasure, 
some  for  fishing,  and  some  for  trade,  and  with  them 
numerous  representatives  of  a  strong  naval  force 
maintained  by  the  eighty  million  free  people  who  in 
nine  generations  from  the  Pilgrims  have  explored, 
subdued,  and  occupied  that  mysterious  wilderness,  so 
formidable  to  the  imagination  of  the  early  European 
settlers  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  American  con- 
tinent. 

We  are  to  hear  the  voices  of  the  Chief  Magistrate 
of  this  multitudinous  people  and  of  the  Governor  of 
the  Comm.onwealth  acknowledging  the  immeasurable 
indebtedness  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  Colony, 
Province,  and  State  of  Massachusetts  to  the  forty-one 
adult  men  and  the  eighteen  adult  women  who  were 
the  substance,  or  seed-bearing  core,  of  the  Pilgrim 
company;  and  we,  the  thousands  brought  hither 
peacefuUy  in  a  few  summer  hours  by  veliicles  and 
forces  unimagined  in  1620  from  the  wide  circuit  of 
Cape  Cod — which  it  took  the  armed  parties  from  the 

177 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Mayflower  a  full  month  to  explore  in  the  wintry 
weather  they  encountered — salute  tenderly  and  rever- 
ently the  Pilgrims  of  the  Mayflower,  and  recalling 
their  fewness,  and  their  sufferings,  anxieties,  and  la- 
bors, felicitate  them  and  ourselves  on  the  wonderful 
issues  in  human  joy,  and  freedom  of  their  faith,  en- 
durance, and  dauntless  resolution. 

JNIany  eloquent  men  during  the  nineteenth  century 
exercised  their  best  powers  in  commemorating  and 
praising  the  Pilgrim  Fathers.  Among  these  orators 
were  John  Quincy  Adams,  Daniel  Webster,  Edward 
Everett,  Robert  Charles  Winthrop,  and  George  Fris- 
bie  Hoar — to  mention  only  the  dead — who  as  New 
Englanders  and  lovers  of  liberty  were  well  fitted  to 
set  forth  with  honor  and  gratitude  the  virtues  of  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers,  the  hardships  they  endured,  their 
high  merits  as  colonists  when  compared  with  other 
colonists  of  ancient  and  modern  times,  and  the  im- 
mense issues  on  the  American  continent  of  their  de- 
vout, laborious,  and  self-sacrificing  lives.  Glowing 
description,  lofty  panegyric,  and  far-reaching  proph- 
ecy have  been  exhausted  by  famous  orators  on  this 
subject. 

]\Iy  purpose  on  this  memorial  occasion  is  humbler, 
but  not  less  reverent.  I  propose  to  describe  as  sim- 
ply and  plainly  as  possible  those  doctrines  and  prac- 
tices of  the  Pilgrims  which  have  proved  during  the 
succeeding  two  hundred  and  ninety  years  to  be  of 
high  value  to  mankind.     By  the  Pilgrims  I  mean 

178 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

the  one  hundred  and  two  persons  who  were  passen- 
gers on  the  httle  Mayflower  when  she  anchored  in 
this  harbor,  after  a  voyage  of  sixty-seven  days,  and 
the  like-minded  persons  who  came  one  year  later 
on  the  Fortune,  and  twenty  months  later  on  the  Anne 
and  the  pinnace  of  forty-four  tons  which  accom- 
panied her. 

At  the  outset  let  us  observe  that  the  number  of 
the  Pilgrim  First-Comers,  or  Forefathers,  was  very 
small.  In  July,  1623,  the  number  of  Pilgrims  who 
had  reached  America  was:  by  the  Mayflower,  102;  by 
the  Fortune,  35;  by  the  Anne  and  her  consort,  about 
96 — total,  about  233;  but  at  the  close  of  that  year 
there  were  living  at  Plymouth,  including  the  children 
and  the  servants,  not  more  than  a  hundred  and  eighty- 
three  of  these  Separatist  immigrants  who  had  suf- 
fered for  conscience  sake.  It  was  an  inspiring  in- 
stance of  immense  moral  and  material  results  being 
brought  about  by  a  small  group  of  devoted  men  and 
women  whose  leading  motives  were  spiritual  or  re- 
ligious. In  the  recent  history  of  the  huge  Republic 
which  the  Pilgrims  unconsciously  founded  there  have 
been  several  striking  instances  of  the  same  origi- 
nating power  in  very  small  groups  of  disinterested, 
public-spirited  persons — as,  for  example,  in  Civil 
Service  Reform,  in  Municipal  Reform,  and  in  the 
collectivist  movement  called  Conservation. 

These  Pilgrims,  or  First-Comers,  put  their  opin- 
ions and  ideals  into  practice  with  marvelous  consist- 

179 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ency.  Their  works  were  humble,  their  Hves  simple 
and  obscure,  their  worldly  success  but  small,  their 
fears  many  and  pressing,  and  their  vision  of  the  future 
limited  and  dim.  Let  us  try  to  bring  home  to  our 
minds  to-day  the  conceptions  and  ideals  which,  hav- 
ing dominated  their  lives,  have  profoundly  influenced 
the  lives  of  the  best  part  of  nine  subsequent  genera- 
tions of  men  in  this  hemisphere,  and  still  exhibit 
to-day,  under  social  and  industrial  conditions  very 
different  from  those  of  the  seventeenth  century,  an 
abounding  and  apparently  inexhaustible  vitality. 

A  very  fruitful  conception  in  the  minds  and  hearts 
of  the  founders  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  was  that  of 
unlimited  progress  as  the  law  of  human  institutions, 
both  civil  and  religious.  This  was  a  doctrine  of  John 
Robinson,  their  beloved  pastor  in  England  and  Hol- 
land, as  reported  by  Edward  Winslow.  Robinson 
charged  his  congregation,  "  If  God  should  reveal  any- 
thing to  us  by  any  other  instrument  of  his,  to  be  as 
ready  to  receive  it  as  ever  we  were  to  receive  any 
truth  by  his  ministry;  for  he  was  very  confident  the 
Lord  had  more  truth  and  light  yet  to  break  forth  out 
of  his  holy  word.  He  took  occasion,  also,  miserably 
to  bewail  the  state  of  the  Reformed  Churches,  who 
were  come  to  a  period  in  religion,  and  would  go  no 
further  than  the  instruments  of  their  reformation. 
As,  for  example,  the  Lutherans,  they  could  not  be 
drawn  to  go  beyond  what  Luther  saw  .  .  .  the  Cal- 
vinists,  they  stick  where  he  [Calvin]  left  them;  a  mis- 

180 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

ery  much  to  be  lamented;  for  though  they  were  pre- 
cious shining  hghts  in  their  times,  yet  God  had  not 
revealed  His  whole  will  to  them;  and  were  they  now 
living,  saith  he,  they  would  be  as  ready  and  willing  to 
embrace  further  light  as  that  they  had  received.  Here 
also  he  put  us  in  mind  of  our  church  covenant  '  to 
walk  in  all  the  ways  of  the  Lord  made  known,  or  to 
be  made  known,  unto  them '  .  .  .  for,  saith  he,  it  is 
not  possible  the  Christian  world  should  come  so  lately 
out  of  such  thick  antichristian  darkness,  and  that 
full  perfection  of  knowledge  should  break  forth  at 
once."  These  simple  words  contain  an  unreserved 
recognition  of  the  great  law  of  progress  in  human 
society,  a  law  which  includes  the  progressive  discov- 
ery of  truth  and  the  progressive  application  of  truth 
to  the  conduct  of  human  life.  Robinson's  objection 
to  Lutherans,  *'  that  they  could  not  be  drawn  to  go 
beyond  Luther,"  and  to  Calvinists,  "  that  they  stuck 
where  Calvin  left  them,"  is  precisely  the  objection  to 
unreasoning  and  unimaginative  conservatists  at  any 
epoch,  and  his  doctrine  of  "  more  truth  and  light  yet 
to  break  forth  "  is  the  doctrine  of  all  liberals  the  world 
over  and  in  every  generation.  The  advance  of  sci- 
ence in  the  nineteenth  century  has  made  this  doctrine 
of  progress  and  expectation  familiar  to  all  thinking 
people;  but  in  the  days  of  the  Pilgrims  to  preach  it 
and  accept  it  were  signs  of  an  extraordinary  liberality 
of  spirit. 

The  Pilgrims  exhibited  through  their  whole  career 
13  181 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

a  deep-seated,  comprehensive,  and  inextinguishable 
love  of  freedom.  It  was  their  desire  for  freedom  from 
ecclesiastical  control  which  led  to  their  organization 
as  an  independent  church  in  England,  and  finally 
drove  them  to  Holland  in  search  of  religious  liberty; 
and  what  chiefly  attracted  them  to  the  North  Amer- 
ican wilderness  was  the  hope  that  they  could  create 
there  a  new  society,  which  would  be  free  from  the 
restrictions  and  the  temptations  of  feudalism  and  ec- 
clesiasticism.  Their  minds  and  hearts  were  filled  with 
that  burning  love  of  freedom  which  later  inspired 
Cromwell's  soldiers  and  the  Independents  and  Non- 
conformists of  the  English  Commonwealth.  The  Pil- 
grims wanted  all  sorts  of  freedom — of  thought,  of  the 
press,  of  labor,  of  trade,  of  education,  and  of  worship. 
Moved  by  this  love  they  went  into  exile  in  Holland, 
and  after  thirteen  years  in  that  little  country — where 
the  spirit  of  liberty  had  prevailed  more  than  in  any 
other  country  in  Europe — they  crossed  the  formidable 
Atlantic  and  planted  their  feeble  colony  on  the  bleak 
New  England  coast,  still  fired  and  led  by  love  of  lib- 
erty, and  here  they  founded  and  maintained  a  state 
without  a  king  or  a  noble,  and  a  church  without  a 
bishop  or  a  priest.  They  were  genuine  pioneers  of 
both  civil  and  religious  liberty,  and  the  history  of  the 
world,  since  the  anchor  of  the  Mayflower  was  dropped 
in  yonder  harbor,  demonstrates  that  the  fruits  and 
issues  of  their  pioneering  are  the  most  prodigious  in 
all  history. 

182 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

In  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower,  on  the  21st  of 
November,  1620,  all  the  adult  males  of  the  company 
signed  a  compact  by  which  they  set  up  a  government 
which  did  not  derive  its  powers,  like  all  previous  col- 
onies, from  a  sovereign  or  parent  state,  but  rested  on 
the  consent  of  those  to  be  governed,  and  on  manliood 
suffrage.  The  act  was  apparently  unpremeditated, 
and  the  language  of  the  compact  was  simple  and 
direct.  It  M^as  an  agreement,  or  covenant,  or  coop- 
erative act,  from  which  was  to  spring  not  only  a  stable 
government  for  the  little  colony,  but  a  great  series  of 
constitutions  for  free  states.  Listen  to  its  essential 
clauses:  "We,  whose  names  are  under^Titten  .  .  . 
having  undertaken  for  the  glory  of  God  and  advance- 
ment of  the  Christian  faith,  and  honor  of  our  King 
and  country,  to  plant  the  first  colony  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Virginia,  do  by  these  presents  solemnly  and 
mutually  in  the  presence  of  God,  and  of  one  another, 
covenant  and  combine  ourselves  together  into  a  civil 
body  politic,  for  our  better  ordering  and  preservation 
and  furtherance  of  the  ends  aforesaid ;  and  by  virtue 
hereof  to  enact,  constitute  and  frame  such  just  and 
equal  laws,  ordinances,  acts,  constitutions  and  offices, 
from  time  to  time,  as  shall  be  thought  most  meet  and 
convenient  for  the  general  good  of  the  Colony,  unto 
which  we  promise  all  due  submission  and  obedience." 
The  most  remarkable  phrases  in  this  compact  are 
"  covenant  and  combine  ourselves  together  into  a  civil 
body  politic  "  and  "  by  virtue  hereof." 

183 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

The  first  act  of  the  citizens  under  this  compact  was 
to  choose  by  manhood  suffrage  a  governor  till  their 
next  New  Year's  day.  The  Pilgrims  never  accepted 
a  governor  appointed  by  a  king  or  other  sovereign, 
or  by  a  commercial  company.  They  started  on  this 
continent  the  practice  of  electing  the  head  of  the  state 
by  manhood  suffrage  for  a  limited  period — for  one 
year  in  Plymouth. 

It  does  not  matter  that  there  were  but  forty-one 
men  to  take  part  in  these  proceedings.  It  was  a  small 
beginning;  but  who  can  comprehend  or  describe  the 
immensity  of  the  outcome? 

When  about  three  months  later  movements  of 
Indians  in  the  neighborhood  excited  some  alarm,  a 
meeting  of  the  people  was  held  in  the  common  house 
— twenty  feet  square — which  chose  Myles  Standish  to 
be  captain  and  to  establish  a  military  organization. 
Within  a  year  the  little  captain — who  had  a  great 
spirit — had  organized  all  the  men  able  to  bear  arms, 
and  had  held  the  first  "  general  muster  or  training," 
which  became  a  valuable  New  England  institution. 
So  both  the  civil  and  the  military  organization  in 
Plymouth  Colony  rested  on  manhood  suffrage. 

Although  the  signing  of  that  Compact  was  a  sud- 
den act,  caused  by  the  refusal  of  the  captain  of  the 
Mayflower  on  the  day  before  to  take  his  vessel 
through  the  dangerous  shoals  which  lie  off  the  south- 
eastern coast  of  Massachusetts,  and  so  to  bring  it  to 
the  Hudson  River,  where  the  English  charter  obtained 

184 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

by  the  Pilgrims  before  leaving  Leyden  authorized  them 
to  establish  their  colony,  it  was  an  act  which  the  whole 
experience  of  their  church  in  England  and  in  Holland, 
and  the  essence  of  the  doctrines  taught  by  their  pastor 
and  elders,  naturally,  though  unexpectedly,  led  up 
to.  They  had  been  trained  to  disregard  all  authority 
which  they  had  not  themselves  instituted  or  accepted, 
and  they  had  also  become  accustomed  to  cooperative 
action  for  the  common  good.  Indeed,  the  whole  doc- 
trine and  method  of  cooperative  good-will  cannot  be 
better  stated  to-day  than  it  was  stated  by  Robinson 
and  Bradford  in  1618  in  one  of  their  five  reasons  for 
the  proposed  emigration  from  Holland  to  America: 
"  We  are  knit  together  in  a  body  in  a  most  strict  and 
sacred  bond  and  covenant  of  the  Lord,  of  the  viola- 
tion whereof  we  make  great  conscience,  and  by  virtue 
whereof  we  do  hold  ourselves  straightly  tied  to  all 
care  of  each  other's  good,  and  of  the  whole  by  every 
one,  and  so  mutually."  Everything  that  is  good  in 
modern  socialism  is  contained  in  that  single  sentence, 
with  nothing  of  the  bad  or  foolish. 

The  Pilgrims  were  active  promoters  of  religious 
toleration.  They  welcomed  to  the  Communion  ser- 
vice members  of  the  Anglican  Church,  the  Genevan 
Church,  the  Dutch  Church,  and  Presbyterians.  They 
were  much  more  liberal  than  the  Puritans  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay,  or  of  the  English  Commonwealth. 
They  were  always  friendly  to  Roger  Williams,  in 
spite  of  the  very  erratic  quality  of  his  career  from 

185 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

youth  to  age  as  Baptist,  citizen,  philanthropist,  and 
pioneer  of  soul-hberty.  Bradford's  description  of 
Williams  as  a  man  of  "  many  precious  parts,  but 
very  unsettled  in  judgment "  is  characteristically 
just.  Still,  for  thirty  years,  or  until  Cromwell  came 
into  power,  the  Pilgrims  were  trying  to  establish 
and  maintain  in  the  New  World  a  refuge  for  Con- 
gregationalists  persecuted  in  the  old  home;  so  that 
they  welcomed  to  their  Colony  at  Plymouth  only 
persons  who  sympathized  with  this  fundamental  pur- 
pose, and  conformed  to  their  religious  customs  and 
their  standards  of  the  proprieties  of  life.  The  sound- 
ness of  their  principles  and  practices  in  respect  to 
toleration  is  demonstrated  by  the  fact  that  out  of 
them  were  evolved  in  a  century  and  a  half  that  com- 
plete religious  toleration  and  that  universal  rejec- 
tion of  an  established  church  supported  by  taxation 
which  characterize  the  United  States.  TsTow,  relig- 
ious toleration  is  the  greatest  achievement  of  civil- 
ized mankind  since  the  Protestant  Reformation.  It 
has  been  wrought  out  through  infinite  human  suf- 
fering in  many  countries  and  by  many  different 
agencies;  but  no  single  community  ever  made  so 
great  a  contribution  to  its  ultimate  triumph  as  the 
Pilgrim  state,  set  up  with  the  Pilgrim  church  on  the 
verge  of  a  fresh  continent  in  1620.  The  England 
from  which  the  Pilgrims  escaped  practiced  all  kinds 
of  cruelties  and  oppressions  on  heretics;  and  among 
heretics   Queen  Elizabeth   counted   not   only   Cath- 

186 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

olics,  but  many  Protestants.  The  Pilgrims  never 
sought  in  their  wilderness  home  to  do  anything  more 
illiberal  than  to  protect  effectively  their  own  liberties 
and  those  of  their  co-religionists,  and  even  this  they 
did  only  to  the  extent  of  trying  to  keep  out  of  their 
little  cooperative  community  profane  associates  and 
persons  who  to  them  seemed  undesirable  citizens. 
Elizabethan  England  persecuted  Catholics  and  Sepa- 
ratists alike.  From  the  Separatists  transferred  to  a 
new  world  sprang  a  government  founded  on  civil  and 
religious  liberty;  and  within  two  hundred  years  one 
of  the  chief  beneficiaries  of  that  liberal  government 
was  the  Catholic  Church  itself.  That  Church  has  en- 
joyed perfect  liberty  in  the  United  States;  and  for 
that  enjoyment  its  thanks  are  due  to  the  English 
Separatists  who  made  Cape  Cod  Harbor  in  1620. 
So  thoroughly  have  the  lay  members  of  the  Catholic 
Church  accepted  the  national  doctrine  of  religious 
tolerance,  that  intolerance  is  not  now  apprehended  in 
any  American  community,  although  the  majority  of 
its  voters  be  Catholic. 

The  Pilgrims  were  pioneers  in  the  practice  of  in- 
dustrial cooperation ;  they  w  ere  primarily  members  of 
a  peculiar,  independent  church,  and  their  devotion  to 
their  religious  opinions  and  practices  had  been  proved 
by  years  of  persecution  in  England  and  thirteen  years 
of  exile  in  freer  Holland;  but  they  were  also  self- 
supporting,  industrious  people  who  held  the  soundest 
views  about  private  property,  on  the  one  hand,  and 

187 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

the  common  duty  of  productive  labor,  on  the  other. 
They  have  sometimes  been  represented  as  commu- 
nists, and  have  been  supposed  to  have  held  all  the 
property  at  Plymouth  in  common;  but  no  one  who 
has  read  with  care  the  Articles  of  Agreement  under 
which  they  left  Holland  and  England  will  continue 
to  entertain  such  opinions  about  them.  These  Arti- 
cles of  Agreement  show  that  the  expedition  was  a 
cooperative  commercial  undertaking  under  the  form 
of  a  joint-stock  corporation.  The  shareholding  is 
perfectly  described  in  the  first  two  articles,  the  term 
"  Adventurers  "  meaning  persons  that  put  in  money 
or  goods,  and  the  term  "  Planters  "  meaning  the  per- 
sons that  actually  emigrated :  (1)  "  The  Adventurers 
and  Planters  do  agree  that  every  person  that  goeth, 
being  aged  sixteen  years  and  upward,  be  rated  at 
£10,  and  £lO  be  accounted  a  single  share."  (2) 
"  That  he  that  goeth  in  person  and  furnishes  himself 
out  with  £lO  either  in  money  or  otli^r  provisions  be 
accounted  as  having  <£20  in  stock,  and  in  the  division 
shall  receive  a  double  share."  It  was  further  pro- 
vided in  the  Articles  of  Agreement  that  the  Adven- 
turers and  Planters  should  continue  their  joint-stock 
partnership  for  a  period  of  seven  years,  during  which 
time  all  profits  and  benefits  got  by  trade,  fishing,  or 
any  other  means  should  remain  in  the  common  stock. 
On  arrival  at  the  Colony's  seat,  some  of  the  Planters 
were  to  fish,  and  others  were  to  build  houses,  till  the 
ground,  or  make  useful  commodities.    At  the  end  of 

188 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

seven  years  the  capital  and  profits,  namely,  the  houses, 
lands,  goods,  and  chattels,  were  to  be  equally  divided 
between  the  Adventurers  and  the  Planters.  Who- 
ever should  carry  his  wife  and  children  or  servants 
should  be  allowed  for  every  such  person  aged  sixteen 
years  and  upward  one  share  in  the  division.  The 
tenth  article  provided,  "  That  all  such  persons  as  are 
of  this  Colony  are  to  have  their  meat,  drink,  apparel, 
and  all  provisions  out  of  the  common  stock  of  said 
Company."  Two  further  articles  are  especially  note- 
worthy, because  it  was  proposed  in  London  that  they 
be  stricken  out;  but  the  Leyden  Pilgrims  insisted  on 
retaining  them.  First,  at  the  end  of  seven  years  every 
Planter  was  to  own  the  house  and  garden  then  occu- 
pied by  him;  and  secondly,  during  the  seven  years 
every  Planter  was  to  work  four  days  in  each  week 
for  the  Colony  and  two  for  himself  and  his  family. 
Their  insistence  on  these  last  two  articles  cost  the 
emigrants  dear ;  for  two  of  the  English  agents  of  the 
Adventurers,  because  of  this  insistence,  refused  to 
disburse  the  £100  required  to  pay  port  charges  and 
supply  deficiencies  of  equipment,  so  that  the  poor 
emigrants  were  forced,  in  order  to  clear  the  port  of 
Southampton,  to  sell  some  of  the  supplies  already  on 
board  ship,  to  dispense  with  other  necessaries,  such  as 
oil  and  leather,  and  to  sail  without  having  on  board 
an  adequate  number  of  swords,  muskets,  and  other 
means  of  defense.  They  thus  gave  the  most  em- 
phatic testimony  possible  to  their  belief  in  private, 

189 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

individual  property  as  the  promoter  of  industry,  fru- 
gality, and  personal  independence. 

Twentieth-century  industrial  and  trading  corpora- 
tions have  not  yet  attained  in  all  respects  to  the 
standard  of  the  Plymouth  stock  company.  They  pay 
wages  which  cover  the  cost  to  their  employees  of 
"  meat,  drink,  apparel,  and  all  provisions  "  for  them 
and  their  families,  but  they  do  not  also  give  each 
employee  one  share  of  stock  every  seven  years,  with 
one  for  his  wife  and  one  for  each  child  over  six- 
teen years  of  age.  Neither  do  they  enable  each 
employee  to  secure,  without  any  money  payment, 
a  house  and  house-lot  in  freehold  at  the  end  of 
seven  years  of  service,  with  gratuitous  occupation  of 
the  same  during  the  seven  years.  The  Plymouth 
Articles  of  Agreement  recognized  in  shares  of  the 
Company  the  risks  of  emigration  and  a  surplus 
value  in  faithful  and  assiduous  labor  over  and 
above  the  mere  maintenance  of  an  individual  or  a 
family. 

Before  the  seven  years  of  the  original  contract  with 
the  Adventurers  had  expired  the  Pilgrims  had  estab- 
lished a  considerable  trade  both  to  the  north  and  to 
the  south  of  Plymouth,  and  had  found  in  this  trade  a 
means  of  paying  their  debts  and  making  a  settlement 
with  the  Adventurers.  Through  Isaac  AUerton,  who 
went  to  London  for  the  purpose,  a  contract  was  made 
with  the  Adventurers  for  their  entire  interest  in  the 
Colony  at  the  price  of  £1,800.     This  contract  was 

190 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

approved  at  Plymouth;  but  the  unchartered  Colony, 
with  its  government  based  solely  on  the  consent  of 
the  governed,  was  not  a  legal  person  and  was  inca- 
pable of  making  a  contract.  Eight  of  the  original 
Planters,  therefore,  assumed  personally  the  responsi- 
bility for  this  contract,  and  became  the  owners  of  the 
settlement,  so  far  as  the  Adventurers'  liens  were 
concerned.  It  was  then  decided  to  form  an  equal 
partnership,  to  include  all  heads  of  families  and  all 
self-sujDporting  single  men,  young  or  old,  whether 
church  members  or  not.  These  men,  called  the  Pur- 
chasers, received  each  one  share  in  the  public  belong- 
ings, with  a  right  to  a  share  for  his  wife  and  another 
for  each  of  his  children.  The  shares  were  bonded  for 
the  public  debt,  and  to  the  shareholders  belonged 
everything  pertaining  to  the  Colony  except  each  in- 
dividual's personal  effects.  These  shareholders  num- 
bered one  hundred  and  fifty-six,  namely,  fifty-seven 
men,  thirty-four  boys,  twenty-nine  women,  and  thirty- 
six  girls.  Democracy  and  community  of  interest  could 
no  further  go.  The  distribution  of  the  fifteen  cattle 
which  belonged  to  the  Colony  in  1627  gives  evidence 
of  the  thoroughness  of  the  mixture  of  the  cooperative 
method  with  the  method  of  individual  temporary  own- 
ership which  characterized  the  business  conduct  of  the 
Colony.  Let  us  note,  in  passing,  the  hardship  it  must 
have  been  to  have  no  cattle  at  all  in  the  Colony  dur- 
ing the  first  four  years.  For  the  important  cattle 
distribution  of  1627  the  one  hundred  and  fifty-six 

191 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Purchasers  were  formed  into  twelve  groups,  accord- 
ing to  their  own  preferences,  each  with  a  family  as 
nucleus;  and  the  fifteen  cattle  were  equitably  divided 
among  the  twelve  groups.  Each  of  the  twelve  divi- 
sions except  the  fourth — the  Howland  and  Alden — 
had  a  pair  of  she-goats  added  to  it ;  and  the  swine  were 
divided  in  like  manner.  Each  group  had  the  care  and 
use  of  its  animal  or  animals  for  ten  years,  and  was 
then  to  restore  to  the  public  stock  the  original  animal 
and  one-half  of  its  increase,  if  any.  It  is  evident 
throughout  the  Pilgrim  history  that  as  colonists  and 
commonwealth  builders  they  made  the  family  the  unit 
of  the  social  and  industrial  order.  We  think  of  the 
cooperative  method  in  industries  and  trade  as  invented 
at  English  Rochdale,  or  in  Utah,  or  in  the  English 
Army  and  Navy  Cooperative  Stores ;  but  the  Pilgrims 
adopted  cooperative  and  profit-sharing  methods  cen- 
turies earlier,  and  in  matters  much  more  difficult  to 
manage  in  the  cooperative  way.  The  Purchasers  put 
their  business  into  the  hands  of  the  eight  men  who 
had  become  the  Colony's  bondsmen  to  the  Adventur- 
ers, and  the  trade  of  the  Colony  was  thereafter  con- 
ducted by  these  eight  leading  Pilgrims,  who  were 
known  as  the  Undertakers.  Directors  would  be  the 
modern  name  for  the  eight. 

The  Articles  of  Agreement,  taken  in  connection 
vnth  the  five  Reasons  which  Robinson  and  Brewster 
gave  in  1618  for  the  proposed  emigration,  contain  a 
very  extraordinary  prophecy  of  the  only  grounds  on 

192 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

which  shareholding  cooperation  for  manufacturing  or 
commercial  purposes  can  be  successfully  organized 
or  conducted.  In  the  Pilgrims'  case,  the  shareholders 
who  contributed  their  time  and  labor  were  actuated 
by  religious  motives,  bound  together  in  a  church,  and 
were  "  straightly  tied  to  all  care  of  each  other's  good." 
These  relations  had  been  tested  in  many  trials,  had 
enabled  them  to  overcome  by  patience  the  difficulties 
of  a  strange  and  hard  land,  and  had  trained  them  all 
in  habits  of  industry  and  frugality.  How  moderate 
and  how  touching  are  these  words  of  Robinson  and 
Brewster:  "  The  people  are  for  the  body  of  them 
industrious  and  frugal,  I  think  we  may  safely  say, 
as  no  company  of  people  in  the  world  ";  and  again: 
*'  Lastly,  it  is  not  with  us  as  with  other  men  whom 
small  things  can  discourage  or  small  discontentments 
cause  to  wish  themselves  home  again";  and  again: 
*'  If  we  should  be  driven  to  return,  we  should  not  hope 
to  recover  our  present  helps  and  comforts,  neither 
indeed  look  ever  for  ourselves  to  attain  unto  the  like 
in  any  other  place  during  our  lives."  That  is  the  only 
spirit  in  which  shareholding  cooperation  can  ever  be 
successful,  for  success  in  such  undertakings  depends 
on  the  existence  of  well-nigh  universal  industry,  fru- 
gality, and  willingness  to  make  personal  sacrifices  for 
the  common  good.  It  was  a  rare  spirit  in  the  opening 
of  the  seventeenth  century,  only  to  be  found  among 
people  governed  by  strong  religious  motives.  It  is  a 
rare  spirit  still,  which  comes  to  prevail  only  among 

193 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

people  who  are  unusually  open  to  the  incitements  of 
love  and  good -will ;  no  matter  whether  they  be  Adven- 
turers and  Planters — to  use  the  Pilgrim  phrase — or 
capitalists  and  workmen — to  use  the  modern  equiva- 
lents. In  respect  to  industrial  organization  and  prop- 
erty rights,  what  a  beacon  fire  the  Pilgrims  lighted  at 
Plymouth,  a  fire  which  has  since  flashed  from  hilltop 
to  hilltop  and  over  wude  plains  across  a  continent! 
Some  historical  critics  have  lately  intimated  that  the 
Pilgrims  were  governed  in  emigrating  from  Holland 
by  ordinary  commercial  motives  and  the  common  love 
of  adventure,  and  that  their  religious  sentiments  and 
longing  for  freedom,  both  civil  and  religious,  went  no 
deeper  than  the  pious  phrases  they  used  on  bills  of 
lading,  in  shrewd  bargaining,  and  in  keen  argument 
on  contentious  affairs.  What  bit  of  truth  is  there  in 
this  monstrous  statement?  Only  this,  the  Pilgrims, 
with  all  their  extraordinary  idealism,  kept  their  feet 
firmly  planted  on  mother  earth.  They  believed  in 
productive  labor,  in  trade  with  a  profit,  in  honesty, 
self-support,  and  comfortable  independence.  They 
were  no  soft  and  lazy  dreamers,  but  steady,  hard 
workers.  To  that  extent  they  were  governed,  like 
all  sensible  men,  by  materialistic  motives.  Neverthe- 
less, their  idealism  was  intense,  constant,  and  abso- 
lutely characteristic.  The  simple  fact  is  that  no  hu- 
man beings  ever  did,  or  ever  can,  give  more  convincing 
proof  of  the  sincerity  and  depth  of  their  religious  and 
political  convictions  than  the  Pilgrims  gave  through 

194 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

their  consistent  sacrifices,  sufferings,  and  labors  of 
many  years. 

The  social  order  which  the  Pilgrims  established  at 
Plymouth  had  in  it  no  trace  of  the  feudal  system. 
No  hereditary  privileges  or  titles  ever  existed  there. 
The  principal  officers  of  the  community  were  all 
elected  for  short  terms.  All  the  able-bodied  men 
brought  over  by  the  Mayflower,  the  Fortune,  and 
the  Anne  worked  hard  with  their  hands,  and  all  the 
men  bore  arms  as  a  matter  of  course.  There  existed 
among  them  to  an  extraordinary  degree  equality  of 
conditions,  and  so  much  equality  of  opportunity  as 
consisted  with  the  diversity  of  individual  gifts  and 
capacities.  They  w^ere  humane  and  free,  but  not 
courtly.  In  comparison  with  the  later  colonists  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  they  were  "  common "  people. 
The  doctrines  and  rules  of  conduct  which  their  church 
taught  them  accounted  in  large  measure  for  this  so- 
cial state.  They  were  tied  together  by  strong  bonds 
of  sympathy  and  helpfulness.  It  was  the  duty  of  the 
strong  among  them  to  help  the  weak.  To  give  mu- 
tual aid  and  comfort  was  a  fundamental  principle  in 
their  lives,  and  no  artificial  barriers  of  law  or  cus- 
tom blocked  the  exercise  of  this  reciprocal  good-will. 
Moreover,  their  church  inculcated  respect  for  human 
nature  and  human  destiny.  The  Pilgrims  used  no 
barbarous  punishments,  such  as  drawing  and  quar- 
tering, and  tortures  before  execution;  they  had  no 
prison  and  no  criminal  laws;  like  all  their  contempo- 

195 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

raries,  they  used  the  stocks  and  the  whipping-post 
without  perceiving  that  these  punishments  in  pubHc 
were  barbarizing;  they  inflicted  fines  and  forfeitures 
freely  without  regard  to  the  station  or  quahty  of  the 
offenders;  they  committed  no  atrocities  against  in- 
ferior peoples,  abhorred  cruel,  persecuting  govern- 
ments, and  cherished  the  love  of  peace  and  of  polit- 
ical justice.  Within  four  months  of  the  landing  at 
Plymouth  they  made  a  just  treaty  with  the  Indian 
Sachem  Massasoit,  which  being  faithfully  executed 
preserved  peace  for  many  years.  They  preferred  the 
interest  of  the  whole  community  to  the  interest  of 
any  individual  or  section  in  it.  The  assignment  of 
quarters  in  the  Mayflower  and  the  Speedwell  at  the 
sailing  of  the  Pilgrims  from  Southampton  illustrates 
the  democratic  practices  of  the  colonists.  To  pre- 
vent any  suspicion  of  favoritism,  some  of  the  leaders 
went  in  the  narrow  cabin  of  the  sixty-ton  Speedwell, 
a  vessel  only  one-third  the  size  of  the  Mayflower. 
When  the  first  assignment  of  land  was  made  at 
Plymouth,  each  of  the  nineteen  families  was  to 
build  its  own  house,  and  to  have  a  plot  three  rods 
long  and  half  a  rod  broad  for  each  of  its  mem- 
bers; but  the  choice  of  location  was  determined  by 
lot. 

Although  the  Pilgrims  thus  represented  and  fore- 
told in  a  simple  and  thorough  way  the  social  and 
industrial  organization  of  a  democratic  community, 
they  had  no  theory  of  social  structure  which  was  not 

196 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

perfectly  consistent  with  the  facts  concerning  the  ex- 
treme diversity  of  human  capacities  and  powers.  No 
community  ever  recognized  its  leaders  more  frankly 
or  followed  them  better.  Edward  Winlsow  was  three 
times  Governor,  and  Assistant  for  about  twenty  years. 
Myles  Standish  was  military  commander  from  the 
outset  till  his  death  in  1656,  although  he  did  not  be- 
long to  the  Pilgrim  church.  William  Bradford  was 
annually  elected  Governor  from  John  Carver's  death 
in  1621  to  his  own  death  in  1657,  except  for  three 
years  when  Winslow  was  Governor,  and  two  when 
Thomas  Prence  was  Governor.  Even  in  those  five 
years  he  was  Senior  Assistant.  He  was  much  opposed 
to  this  continuous  service,  and  repeatedly  tried  in  vain 
to  induce  the  people  to  elect  somebody  else.  In  spite 
of  himself  he  served  thirty-one  times.  Bradford's 
views  on  this  subject  are  set  forth  in  his  record  of  the 
creation  of  the  Governor's  Council,  under  date  of 
1624:  "  The  time  of  new  election  of  their  officers  for 
this  year  being  come,  and  the  number  of  their  people 
increased,  and  their  troubles  and  occasions  therewith, 
the  Governor  desired  them  to  change  the  persons,  as 
well  as  to  renew  the  election,  and  also  to  add  more 
assistants  to  the  Governor  for  help  and  counsel,  and 
the  better  carrying  on  of  affairs.  Showing  that  it 
was  necessary  it  should  be  so.  If  there  was  any 
honor  or  profit,  it  was  fit  others  should  be  partakers 
of  it;  if  it  was  a  burden  (as  doubtless  it  was)  it  was 
but  equal  others  should  help  to  bear  it;  and  that  this 
14  197 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

was  the  end  of  annual  elections.  The  issue  was,  that 
as  before  there  was  but  one  Assistant,  they  now  chose 
five,  giving  the  Governor  a  double  voice."  In  1633 
the  Council  was  increased  to  seven,  and  it  so  con- 
tinued to  the  end  of  the  Colony.  Here  we  find  in  the 
action  of  the  Plymouth  voters  a  prophecy  of  the  three 
selectmen  of  the  New  England  town,  and  of  the  mu- 
nicipal government  by  commissions  of  five  which 
many  American  cities  are  now  adopting  as  a  remedy 
for  the  incompetency  or  dishonesty  of  city  govern- 
ments. Among  the  passengers  on  the  Mayflower 
there  were  twelve  who  were  distinguished  bv  the  title 
of  "  JNIaster."  There  were  also  several  persons  who 
were  designated  as  servants,  and  others  who  came 
over  as  skilled  artisans.  In  short,  the  Pilgrim  Re- 
public recognized  fully  the  different  grades  of  service 
inevitable  in  any  civilized  community.  They  never 
called  themselves  republicans  or  democrats;  but  they 
nevertheless  set  up  a  government  in  which  there  was 
no  aristocracy  of  either  birth  or  wealth,  and  which 
enacted  by  a  general  assembly  just  and  equal  laws. 
Their  inspiration  came  from  their  free  and  independ- 
ent church.  In  their  practice  they  anticipated  by  two 
hundred  years  the  principles  of  equality  and  political 
justice  which  slowly  came  to  prevail  among  the  freer 
nations  of  the  nineteenth  century. 

The  doctrine  that  all  government  rests  on  the  con- 
sent of  the  governed  was  never  more  vigorously  or 
completely  stated  than  in  the  preliminary  Declaration 

198 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

made  by  the  Committee,  or  Commission,  appointed 
in  1636  to  prepare  a  regular  system  of  laws  for  the 
Colony.  They  declared  that  by  the  Mayflower  Com- 
pact of  1620  and  the  Warwick  Patent  of  1630— a 
patent  issued  by  the  English  Council  for  New  Eng- 
land to  William  Bradford,  his  heirs,  associates,  and 
assigns  of  the  w  hole  Plymouth  territory  of  that  date 
— that  the  citizens  of  New  Plymouth  Colony,  as  free 
subjects  of  England,  were  entitled  to  enact  as  follows: 
"  According  to  the  .  .  .  and  due  privilege  of  the 
subject  aforesaid,  no  imposition,  law,  or  ordinance 
be  made  or  imposed  upon  by  ourselves  or  otJiers,  at 
present  or  to  come,  but  such  as  shall  be  made  or  im- 
posed by  consent,  according  to  the  free  liberties  of 
the  state  and  kingdom  of  England,  and  no  other- 
wise." For  fifteen  years  the  annually  elected  officers 
of  the  Colony  discharged  their  undescribed  functions 
subject  only  to  the  revision  of  the  voters  as  a  body. 
For  example,  the  murderer  Billington  had  been  con- 
demned to  death  and  was  executed  under  no  other 
authority  than  the  oral  order  of  the  town  meeting  or 
its  elected  Council.  All  authority  proceeded  from  the 
assembly  of  the  adult  males.  Under  the  code  adopted 
in  1636  new  laws,  or  changes  in  the  laws,  were  to  be 
made  by  the  freemen  in  town  meeting.  Petty  crimes 
and  offenses  were  left  to  the  decisions  of  the  magis- 
trates, that  is,  of  the  Councillors  or  Assistants.  The 
capital  offenses  were  treason,  murder,  diabolical  con- 
versation, arson,  rape,  and  unnatural  crimes.    Plym- 

199 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

outh  had  only  six  sorts  of  capital  crime,  against 
thirty-one  in  England  at  the  accession  of  James  I, 
and  of  these  six  she  actually  punished  only  two.  She 
never  punished,  or  even  committed,  any  person  as  a 
witch.  After  1636  laws  were  added  yearly;  but  it 
was  not  till  1671  that  a  digest  was  made  and  the  laws 
were  printed.  Restrictive  laws  were  early  adopted  as 
to  spirituous  drinks,  and  in  1667  cider  was  included. 
In  1638  the  smoking  of  tobacco  was  forbidden  out- 
of-doors  within  a  mile  of  a  dwelling  house  or  while 
at  work  in  the  fields;  but  unlike  England  and  Mas- 
sachusetts Plymouth  never  had  a  law  regulating 
apparel.  In  1638  Plymouth,  following  the  Bay, 
adopted  a  representation  of  towns  in  her  General 
Court,  which  was  made  up  of  two  bodies,  the  Gov- 
ernor and  the  Councillors,  called  the  Bench,  and  the 
town  members,  called  Deputies.  The  two  branches 
sat  as  one  body,  and  this  body  discussed  and  enacted 
laws;  but  except  in  a  crisis  a  law  proposed  in  one 
session  could  not  be  enacted  till  the  next  session.  The 
freemen  still  met  annually  in  one  assembly,  and  might 
then  repeal  any  of  the  laws  adopted  by  the  General 
Court  and  enact  others.  The  Pilgrim  Colony  clearly 
anticipated  by  more  than  two  centuries  and  a  half 
the  much-discussed  initiative  and  referendum  of  re- 
cent times. 

The  Pilgrims  originated  many  practices  which 
afterwards  became  common  throughout  New  Eng- 
land.    Thus,  civil  marriage  was  the  only  form  of 

200 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

marriage  they  recognized  or  practiced.  They  fur- 
nish in  this  respect  an  extraordinary  contrast  to  most 
of  the  European  nations,  with  whom  the  recognition 
of  civil  marriage  has  been  but  a  comparatively  recent 
achievement.  It  was  the  Pilgrims  who  in  1621  in- 
stituted the  New  England  festival  of  Thanksgiving, 
recently  become  national.  It  was  they  who  insti- 
tuted the  annual  muster  or  training  day  of  the  militia, 
six  years  before  the  charter  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay 
Company  absorbed  or  consolidated  the  various  Eng- 
lish claims  in  and  near  Boston  Bay  by  a  grant  of  all 
the  territory  from  three  miles  south  of  the  Charles 
River  to  three  miles  north  of  the  Merrimack  and  reach- 
ing from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific — a  narrow  strip, 
but  a  long  one  indeed.  It  was  they  who  instituted 
trial  by  jury  in  New  England  by  a  law  enacted  by  the 
people  December  27,  1623,  as  follows:  "All  criminal 
facts  and  also  all  matters  of  trespasses  and  debts  be- 
tween man  and  man  should  be  tried  by  the  verdict  of 
tw^elve  honest  men,  to  be  empaneled  by  authority  in 
form  of  a  jury  upon  their  oaths."  Up  to  that  time 
trials  had  been  conducted  before  the  whole  body  of 
voters  or  freemen;  but  this  court  of  the  people  had 
become  too  large  for  ordinary  trials,  and  so  involved 
too  much  waste  of  precious  time  for  the  community 
as  a  whole.  Here  began  a  series  of  enactments  in  the 
New  England  colonies  which  initiated  important  re- 
forms in  the  English  common  law  and  its  adminis- 
tration. 

201 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

The  Pilgrim  Republic  seems,  as  we  look  back  upon 
it,  to  have  been  but  a  puny  state,  poor,  harassed  by 
internal  discord,  jealousies  and  mistakes  of  neigh- 
bors, and  Indian  alarms,  often  in  apprehension  of 
withdrawals,  and  even  of  removal,  and  in  two  gen- 
erations absorbed  into  a  larger  and  more  potent  com- 
monwealth. The  original  company  of  Adventurers 
and  Planters  was  never  a  well-conducted,  prosperous 
commercial  organization,  although  the  Planters  made 
large  remittances  to  London,  and  probably  overpaid 
the  Adventurers  and  their  London  agents.  It  was 
impossible  to  recruit  the  Colony  solely  from  persons 
imbued  with  the  religious  opinions  and  spirit  of  the 
passengers  in  the  Mayflower.  Within  fifty-four  years 
the  Colony  was  involved  with  fierce  war  with  the  In- 
dians, and  within  seventy  years  the  heirs  of  the  Pil- 
grims found  themselves  making  part  of  the  new 
Royal  Province  of  Massachusetts  and  under  the  rule 
of  a  Royal  Governor. 

We  of  the  generation  that  has  built  this  worthy 
monument  in  their  memory  are  able  to  form  some 
picture  in  our  minds  of  the  physical  hardships  the 
Pilgrims  endured,  and  of  the  mental  and  moral  alarms 
from  which  they  escaped  only  by  death;  but  we  have 
great  difficulty  in  realizing  that  the  Pilgrims  had  no 
vision  at  all  of  the  ultimate  triumph  on  a  prodigious 
scale  of  the  social  and  governmental  principles  in 
support  of  which  they  left  home  and  country,  and 
struggled  all  their  lives  to  establish  new  homes  and 

202 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

a  new  social  order  on  the  edge  of  an  unexplored  wil- 
derness, in  a  severe  climate,  and  in  constant  appre- 
hension from  savage  neighbors,  domestic  enemies,  and 
foreign  oppressors.  So  far  as  we  can  judge,  they 
never  even  dreamt  of  the  prodigious  issues  of  their 
sufferings  and  trials.  They  lived  and  died  with  no 
foreknowledge  of  the  fruits  of  their  labors.  Within 
four  months  of  their  arrival  in  this  harbor  one-half  of 
the  one  hundred  and  two  passengers  on  the  May- 
flower had  been  buried  in  nameless  graves,  and  the 
survivors  deliberately  smoothed  down  the  mounds 
which  had  been  formed  above  the  graves  of  the  dead, 
and  planted  corn  on  the  hillside,  that  the  Indians 
might  not  know  how  many  had  already  fallen.  Name- 
less graves  indeed!  And  the  survivors  worked  on, 
in  the  constant  presence  of  this  prophecy  of  their  own 
probable  fate.  We  honor  the  Pilgrims  largely  be- 
cause of  their  sacrifices,  dangers,  and  severe  labors  so 
bravely  endured  without  any  knowledge  of  the  splen- 
did issues  of  their  endurance  and  devotion.  The  hero 
never  knows  what  is  to  be  the  issue  of  his  daring  effort 
— happy  or  fatal.  He  takes  a  risk  without  foreknowl- 
edge. Had  he  foreknowledge  of  a  fortunate  issue, 
he  would  be  no  hero;  and  if  he  knew  he  was  to  fail, 
he  would  be  reckless,  rather  than  heroic,  in  making 
the  attempt.  The  Pilgrims  ran  visible  risks  of  the 
most  serious  character,  and  made  the  gravest  sacri- 
fices human  beings  can  make  to  their  own  religious, 
social,  and  political  ideals,  and  all  on  hope  and  faith, 

203 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

without  any  assurance  of  success  for  either  themselves 
or  their  descendants. 

As  usual  in  such  enterprises,  it  was  the  women 
that  suffered  most.  Out  of  the  eighteen  women  who 
were  on  board  the  Mayflower  when  she  anchored  in 
this  harbor,  fourteen  were  buried  within  six  months. 
They  died  from  the  effects  of  the  long  voyage,  of  the 
wintry  cold,  of  the  lack  of  suitable  food,  and  of  heavy 
labor  in  household  service.  The  Colony  could  not 
have  survived  had  not  other  women  of  the  Pilgrim 
mind  come  over  from  Holland  and  England  to  join 
it.  When  the  sailor  coming  over  the  seas  sights  this 
monument,  when  the  summer  visitor  contemplates  its 
massive  strength,  when  the  people  of  the  Cape  see 
from  far  its  towering  height,  let  thein  remember  the 
brave  women,  as  well  as  the  brave  men,  who  made  the 
Plymouth  Colony  live,  and  through  whom  the  Colony 
transmitted  the  Pilgrims'  ideals  to  other  generations 
that  in  three  centuries  spread  over  a  continent. 

Does  anybody  ask  why  the  National  Government, 
the  Commonwealth,  and  private  contributors  have 
joined  in  building  here  this  solid  monument  to  the 
Mayflower  Pilgrims,  the  facts  I  have  stated  make 
answer: — The  Pilgrims  established  a  community  and 
a  government  solidly  founded  on  love  of  freedom  and 
behef  in  progress,  on  civil  liberty  and  religious  tol- 
eration, on  industrial  cooperation  and  individual  hon- 
esty and  industry,  on  even-handed  justice  and  a  real 
equality  before  the  laws,  on  peace  and  good-will  sup- 

204 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

ported  by  protective  force.  Therefore,  they  are  to 
be  forever  remembered  with  love  and  honor  by  the 
Repubhc  which  accepts  their  fundamental  principles 
of  social  conduct  as  right  and  eternal.  Therefore, 
whenever  on  this  earth  down  all  its  centuries  civilized 
man  raises  the  question — What  are  the  personal  and 
social  virtues  on  which  great  states  may  be  securely 
founded  and  maintained  ? — he  will  never  find  a  clearer 
or  more  convincing  answer  than  this : — The  virtues  of 
the  Pilgrims  of  the  Mayflower, 

The  Envoy  Extraordinary  and  Minister  Plenipo- 
tentiary from  the  Netherlands,  Jonkheer  R.  de  ]Ma- 
rees  van  Swinderen,  finding  it  impossible  to  accept 
the  invitation  of  the  directors  of  the  association  to  be 
present  and  represent  the  country  in  which  the  Pil- 
grims found  refuge  when  first  they  fled  from  their 
native  land,  he  was  represented  by  Jonkheer  H.  M. 
Van  Weede,  the  Secretary  of  Legation  of  that  coun- 
try at  Washington.  Mr.  Van  Weede  was  presented 
in  a  few  appreciative  words  by  President  Sears. 

"  Students  of  history,"  said  Captain  Sears,  "  have 
sometimes  feared  that  we  of  this  country  have  given 
scant  credit  to  Holland  for  what  the  Fathers  learned 
from  her  of  freedom  in  religion.  We  do  well  to  re- 
member the  words  of  William  the  Silent,  upon  which 
the  Pilgrims,  and  we  after  them,  have  founded  the 
system,  which  even  Spain  to-day  is  preparing  to  fol- 
low :  '  You  have  no  right  to  trouble  yourself  with 

205 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

any  man's  conscience,  so  long  as  nothing  is  done  to 
cause  i^rivate  harm  or  pubKc  scandal.'  We  are 
glad  to  welcome  an  official  representative  of  the 
Holland  which  asylumed  the  Pilgrims — Mr.  Van 
Weede,  Secretary  of  the  Netherlands  legation  at 
Washington." 

REMARKS  OF  JONKHEER  H.  M.  VAN  WEEDE 

Mr.  President,  Mr.  Chairman,  Ladies  and  Gen- 
tlemen :  I  consider  it  a  very  great  privilege  to  have 
the  opportunity  of  attending  the  dedication  of  this 
monument  which  commemorates  such  an  important 
event  in  the  history  of  America.  The  relations  of 
friendship  which  existed  between  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
who  landed  on  this  cape  in  1620  and  the  Dutch  peo- 
ple, and  the  many  interests  and  aspirations  which 
they  had  in  common  with  them,  make  it  for  me,  a 
Hollander,  the  more  valuable  to  be  able  to  pay  on  this 
day  a  sincere  homage  to  the  memory  of  those  Pilgrim 
Fathers. 

For  more  than  ten  years  the  members  of  the 
Scrooby  colony,  on  its  pilgrimage  to  this  continent, 
lived  with  us,  and  it  is  out  of  fragments  of  the  archives 
in  Amsterdam  and  in  Leyden  that  American  and 
Dutch  historians  have  set  together  the  noble  and  im- 
perishable maxims  of  those  Pilgrims.  By  the  love 
and  respect  with  which  the  members  of  that  Colony 
inspired  my  countrymen,   they   forged   one   of  the 

206 


Copyright  by  Harris  &  Ewing 

JONKHEER    H.    M.    VAX    WEEDE,    SECRETARY    OF 
THf:    NETHERLANDS    LEGATION. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

strongest  links  between  the  history  of  America  and 
of  Holland.  The  ideas  of  freedom,  of  religion,  and 
of  public  life,  both  of  Pilgrims  and  Hollanders,  had 
many  resemblances.  The  persecutions  for  religion 
which  they  both  had  to  endure  in  those  days,  and  the 
common  fighting  for  freedom  and  for  existence,  have 
developed  the  intuitive  racial  sympathy  into  the  spir- 
itual bond  which  exists  between  them  for  three  cen- 
turies. 

The  Mayflower  transplanted  perhaps  more  of  the 
spirit  of  Dutch  institutions  to  America  than  even  our 
sixty  years'  occupation  of  New  Netherlands  did. 
Love  of  hberty,  of  unfettered  development  in  every 
line  of  thought,  was  brought  over  to  this  soil  by  Hol- 
landers, and  especially  by  Englishmen  who  had  found 
in  Holland  a  refuge  from  religious  persecution.  The 
Pilgrim  Fathers  did  it,  who  had  familiarized  them- 
selves with  the  idea  Holland  was  standing  for,  and 
who  carried  out  those  ideals  on  this  continent. 

It  was,  however,  not  all  Dutch  which  they  im- 
planted here.  The  popular  self-government  is  a 
British  institution,  and  Englishmen  had  not  much  to 
learn  from  Hollanders  on  that  point.  But  free  re- 
ligion, free  education,  and  a  free  press  were  thor- 
oughly Dutch  institutions. 

Seen  from  an  historical  point  of  view,  the  Pilgrim 
movement  formed  a  part  of  that  activity  and  migra- 
tion of  which  the  Reformation  was  the  inspiring 
cause.     With  the  Bible  in  one  hand  and  with  the 

207 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

sword  in  the  otlier,  English  and  Dutch  have  per- 
formed, in  the  days  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth 
centuries,  deeds  of  heroism  for  which  they  deserved 
the  greatest  respect  of  all  generations  coming  after 
them.  When  one  reads  of  what  our  colonists  achieved 
in  the  far-off  East,  struggling  with  their  primitive 
outfits  against  sickness,  storms,  want,  and  against  so 
many  enemies,  as  well  white  as  native;  when  one 
realizes  the  sufferings  inflicted  upon  the  English  set- 
tlers in  America  wherever  they  landed,  be  it  in  Vir- 
ginia or  on  the  Cape  Cod,  it  seems  natural  that  great 
results  came  forth  from  the  seeds  planted  by  the  en- 
durance of  those  first  pioneers  of  civilization  at  the 
price  of  so  many  lives  and  of  such  cruel  sufferings. 
And  whenever  their  descendants,  and  all  those  who 
rightly  admire  them,  wander  over  the  ground  that 
witnessed  their  heroism,  and  where  now  lie  their 
graves,  they  may  think  that  they  are  treading  on 
holy  ground. 

In  America,  as  well  as  in  Holland,  however,  those 
men  who  opened  new  worlds  to  civilization  in  the 
West  and  in  the  far  East,  not  only  had  admirers  but 
also  detractors.  The  vulgar  jealousy  that  attacks 
anybody  who  did  good  work,  the  eagerness  of  inves- 
tigating their  petty  faults,  without  mentioning  what 
were  their  great  qualities,  have  not  spared  the  Pil- 
grim Fathers.  It  has  been  tried  by  several  historians 
to  prove  that  their  migration  to  America  was  not  due 
to  the  noble  motives  to  which  it  is  generally  attrib- 

208 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

uted, — but  it  has  been  tried  in  vain.  And  whatever 
their  personal  faults  might  have  been,  they  would 
have  been  brought  to  naught  by  the  fact  that  the  Pil- 
grims remained  faithful  to  their  religion,  that  they 
kept  united  in  hard  times  of  continual  war  and  per- 
secution, and  that,  after  having  crossed  the  ocean, 
they  made  their  marked  influence  felt  over  such  a 
considerable  part  of  this  continent. 

Many  historical  links  connect  my  country  with  the 
United  States.  On  Manhattan,  the  landing  of  the 
Dutch  ship,  the  Half  Moon,  was  celebrated  last  year. 
In  the  State  of  Delaware  stands  a  monument  to  com- 
memorate the  settlement  of  the  first  Dutch  colony, 
that  made  of  Delaware  a  separate  Commonwealth. 
There  is  in  Michigan  a  large  colony  of  Hollanders, 
whose  ancestors  migrated  out  of  their  old  country  in 
the  last  century,  led  by  their  ministers,  just  as  the 
Pilgrim  Fathers  did.  And  with  the  men  who  landed 
on  this  point  of  the  coast,  in  1620,  we  feel  related  by 
our  history.  Moreover,  we  Hollanders  and  Amer- 
icans are  very  near  neighbors  in  far  Eastern  domin- 
ions now,  where  we  both  have  to  fulfill  one  of  the 
greatest  tasks  set  to  modern  civilization  and  where 
we  also  work  together  with  the  same  ideals  in  view. 

All  this  contributes  to  maintain  the  relations  of 
friendship  between  the  United  States  and  my  coun- 
try and  strengthens  the  sympathy  which  we  Hol- 
landers have  for  the  citizens  of  the  great  Republic 
beyond  the  seas.    I  am  glad  to  have  the  opportunity, 

209 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

on  this  historic  ground,  of  expressing  the  real  wish 
that  those  historical  friendships  may  increase  forever. 

After  music  by  the  Salem  Cadet  band,  under  the 
leadership  of  Jean  ^lissud,  President  Sears  presented 
Senator  Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  who  had  been  depu- 
tized by  the  Secretary  of  War,  the  chairman  of  the 
commission  which  had  had  in  charge  the  building  of 
the  monument,  to  convey  the  structure  to  the  Monu- 
ment Association. 

*'  Our  senior  senator,"  said  Captain  Sears,  "  is  al- 
ways welcome  among  us.  Three  years  ago  he  assisted 
in  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  this  monument, 
with  an  address  which  well  exemplified  the  scholar  in 
politics.  To-day  he  comes  to  us  again,  representing 
the  Secretary  of  War,  the  chairman  of  the  commis- 
sion which  has  erected  this  monument.  In  whatever 
capacity  he  comes  among  us  he  is  always  welcome  to 
Cape  Cod.  I  have  the  happiness  to  present  the  Hon- 
orable Henry  Cabot  Lodge,  Senator  for  Massachu- 
setts in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States." 

ADDRESS   OF   THE    HON.    HENRY    CABOT   LODGE 

The  Secretary  of  War  has  done  me  the  honor  to 
ask  that  I  should  represent  him  here  to-day.  A  mem- 
ber of  the  commission  created  by  law,  it  would  have 
been  his  duty,  as  it  is  now  mine,  speaking  in  behalf 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  formally  to 

210 


HENRY   CABOT   LODGt:,   UNITED   STATES   SENATOR    FOR 
MASSACHUSETTS. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

commit  this  monument  to  the  keeping  of  the  Com- 
monwealth of  jNIassaehusetts  and  to  the  care  of  the 
Memorial  Association,  to  whose  exertions  its  existence 
is  so  largely  due.  We  are  deprived  of  the  presence  of 
the  Secretary  of  War,  whose  participation  in  the 
ceremonies  would  have  so  much  gratified  us  all,  be- 
cause his  official  duty  has  obliged  him  to  visit  the 
Philippine  Islands.  He  is  in  the  distant  Orient,  thir- 
teen thousand  miles  aw^ay,  and  yet  he  is  beneath 
the  same  flag  that  floats  above  us  here,  serving  there 
the  same  government  which  gives  so  largely  to  the 
building  of  this  tower.  It  is  a  far  cry  from  Prov- 
incetown  to  Manila,  and  yet  all  that  vast  space  of 
continent  and  ocean  has  been  traversed  by  the  peo- 
ple who  have  made  their  way  westward  from  the 
Atlantic  coast  to  the  uttermost  verge  of  the  Pacific. 
They  have  carried  with  them,  in  their  journey  of 
nearly  three  hundred  years,  the  Western  civilization 
which  they  inherited  and  which,  through  many  vicis- 
situdes, may  be  traced  back  to  Rome  and  to  Greece, 
and  thence  to  the  monarchies  of  Asia  Minor  and  to 
the  kingdom  of  the  Pharaohs. 

Where  we  stand  to-day  is  not  one  of  the  famous 
and  historic  places  on  which  the  foundations  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada  were  laid.  These,  known 
of  all  men,  are  to  be  found  at  Jamestown ;  in  the  val- 
ley of  the  St.  Lawrence,  where  the  lilies  of  France 
were  flung  to  the  breeze  three  centuries  ago ;  at  Man- 
hattan, where  the  Dutch  planted  their  West  India 

211 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Company;  on  the  Delaware,  where  the  Swedes,  after 
an  interval  of  six  hundred  years,  at  last  carried  to  a 
conclusion  the  voyages  of  the  vikings;  at  Plymouth, 
across  the  bay,  and  at  Boston  and  Salem,  the  seats  of 
the  great  Puritan  migration. 

There  was  no  settlement  established,  no  foundation 
stone  of  a  nation  laid  here.  Yet  is  this  spot  perhaps 
the  most  memorable  of  all.  Here  certain  political 
conceptions,  which  have  affected  the  belief,  the  for- 
tunes, and  the  fate  not  merely  of  the  American  peo- 
ple, but  of  civilized  mankind,  were  set  down  on  paper 
and  given  to  the  world,  a  heedless  world,  which  did 
not  note  what  was  done  until  those  who  did  it  had 
been  long  mingled  with  the  dust  on  Burial  Hill. 
Certain  thoughts  as  to  government  and  society  were 
here  expressed  and  recorded  one  November  day,  when 
the  darkness  settled  down  early  over  sand  dune  and 
forest,  over  quiet  harbor  and  restless  ocean.  There 
were  two  or  three  among  the  leaders  who  were  men 
of  education  and  of  conspicuous  ability,  men  with  em- 
pire in  their  brains,  with  the  "  prophetic  soul  dream- 
ing of  things  to  come,"  who  realized  the  vastness  of 
the  work  they  were  doing.  But  the  company  on  the 
Mayflower  were,  for  the  most  part,  simple,  humble, 
earnest  folk,  intent  on  the  duty  of  the  moment.  So 
they  gathered  in  the  cabin  and  drew  up  the  famous 
Compact,  and  set  their  hands  to  it,  on  the  lid  of  Elder 
Brewster's  chest.  They  are  inscribed  now  in  bronze, 
those  names,  and  what  a  roll  of  honor  it  is!    What 

212 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

American  would  change  his  descent  from  one  of  those 
men  for  an  unbroken  lineage  from  the  proudest  baron 
who  followed  the  Conqueror  across  the  Channel,  or 
for  the  longest  pedigree  of  Europe?  Their  descend- 
ants are  scattered  from  one  end  of  this  broad  land  to 
the  other,  and  they  have  not  proved  untrue  to  their 
ancestry.  The  blood  of  a  signer  of  the  Compact 
flows  in  the  veins  of  the  President  of  the  United 
States,  and  the  noble  tradition  of  the  Mayflower  is 
worthily  sustained  by  the  man  who  fills  that  great 
office  and  who  joins  us  to-day  in  commemorating  the 
act  of  his  ancestor. 

What  was  that  act?  Only  giving  adhesion  to  cer- 
tain principles  set  down  on  paper.  That  was  all; 
merely  the  expression  of  certain  thoughts.  But  it  is 
thought  which  finally  rules  the  world  of  men.  The 
temples  of  Greece  are  in  ruins,  but  the  words  of  Plato 
and  Aristotle  survive  and  have  influenced  the  thoughts 
of  men  and  moved  the  world  from  that  day  to  this. 

Here  in  this  Compact  of  the  Mayflower  I  find  two 
conceptions  which  seem  to  me  of  great  significance; 
both  potent  factors  in  history  since  that  November 
day,  two  hundred  and  ninety  years  ago.  Three  years 
since,  on  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone,  I  spoke  of 
one  of  them,  the  idea  of  an  organic  law,  adopted  by 
all  the  people,  changeable  only  by  the  act  of  all  the 
people,  above  all  other  laws,  the  bulwark  and  defense 
of  certain  rights,  and  the  embodiment  of  certain  other 
fundamental  principles,  lying  at  the  root  of  free  gov- 
15  213 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ernment.  In  this  conception  we  see  the  origin  of  the 
written  constitution  which  has  played  so  great  a  part 
in  modern  history. 

The  other  principle,  conspicuous  in  the  Compact, 
is  that  of  democracy.  All  tlie  men  signed.  It  was 
the  work  of  all  the  people.  Here  there  was  nothing 
new;  democratic  government  was  not  a  novel  idea. 
The  very  word  "  democracy "  is  Greek.  But  the 
Compact  was  an  assertion,  or  rather  the  reassertion 
of  the  democratic  principle,  at  a  time  when  that  prin- 
ciple had  fallen  into  disuse  and  almost  wholly  faded 
from  the  minds  of  men.  Athens  was  democratic,  and 
so  were  many  other  Greek  cities.  Rome  was  demo- 
cratic, and,  in  theory,  the  rule  was  that  of  the  whole 
people  assembled  in  public  meeting.  But  the  democ- 
racies of  Greece  and  Rome  sank  alike  into  despotisms 
and  fell  under  the  rule  of  a  native  tyrant,  or  a  foreign 
master;  they  became  the  subjects  either  of  a  mighty 
emperor  or  of  a  petty  despot,  but  the  end  was  the 
same.  The  Italian  city  republics,  with  democratic 
forms  of  an  extreme  type,  followed  a  like  course. 
They  swung  from  anarchy  to  despotism  and  ended 
as  provinces  of  Spain  and  Austria,  as  the  appanages 
of  Hapsburgs  and  Bourbons.  During  the  same  pe- 
riod the  liberties  of  the  free  cities  of  the  North  were 
curtailed  and  the  customs  and  laws  of  once  inde- 
pendent states  were  shorn  of  their  power.  It  was  the 
age  of  the  consolidation  of  European  states,  of  the 
rise  of  unlimited  monarchies  upon  the  ruins  of  feu- 

214 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

dalism,  when  the  Mayflower  anchored  in  yonder  bay. 
Democracy  and  popular  government  were  well-nigh 
forgotten  words  when  the  Compact  embodying  both 
was  signed.  Slowly  the  principle  spread,  almost  un- 
noticed, through  the  American  colonies.  A  century 
and  a  half  went  by,  and  then  the  democracy  of  the 
Mayflower  Compact  rose  suddenly  militant  upon  a 
world  which  did  not  understand.  Its  voice  was  heard 
in  Philadelphia;  the  beat  of  its  drums  broke  on  the 
air  at  Lexington;  its  first  shots  rang  out  at  Concord 
Bridge  and  at  Bunker  Hill  and  democracy  won  in 
the  New  World. 

Then  came  a  pause,  and  then  democracy  seized  on 
France,  its  armies  swept  over  Europe,  and  at  last  the 
world  understood.  After  Waterloo,  another  pause, 
while  the  Polignacs  and  Metternichs  thought  that 
they  could  turn  back  the  wheels  of  time  and  make 
the  old  system  flourish  where  the  plowshares  of  the 
French  Revolution  had  rent  the  soil  and  turned  the 
furrows.  It  was  the  vainest  of  dreams.  Even  while 
the  Holy  Alliance  was  tightening  the  chains,  Greece 
rose  in  arms,  and  then  came  democrac}'^  once  more  in 
France  in  1830  and  in  England  in  1832.  Another 
pause,  and  again  the  new,  popular  force  broke  out  in 
1848,  and  from  that  day  to  this  has  gone  steadily  for- 
ward, until  now  it  is  known  in  Russia  and  China  and 
is  acknowledged  and  powerful  in  Turkey,  Persia, 
and  Japan.  It  has  succeeded  marvelously.  It  has 
brought  great  benefits  to  men;  but  a  perilous  future 

215 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

stretches  before  it,  and  it  has  many  problems  to 
solve. 

It  is  well  to  remember,  also,  that  this  democracy, 
recognized  in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower  as  the  true 
government  for  free  men,  developed  one  quality 
wholly  lacking  in  the  democracies  of  Rome  and 
Greece  and  of  the  Middle  Ages.  That  quality  was 
the  representative  principle,  in  theory  and  practice, 
familiar  to  all  English-speaking  people,  to  the  Vir- 
ginian and  to  the  Puritan,  as  well  as  to  the  Pilgrim. 
But  the  representation  which  they  knew  was  that  of 
orders  and  classes  and  institutions.  Here  in  Amer- 
ica they  yoked  it  to  the  principle  of  government  by 
the  people  and  so  produced  representative  democracy, 
and  that  is  the  democracy  which,  for  a  century  and 
a  half,  has  marched  on  from  victory  to  victory. 

Where  the  representative  principle  was  lacking,  or 
was  crushed  out,  democracy  has  failed  and  turned  to 
despotism,  as  in  the  republics  of  Greece  and  Rome, 
or  in  the  Italian  cities.  The  first  care  of  every  auto- 
crat has  been  to  destroy  or  paralyze  representative 
institutions.  Throughout  history,  freedom  has  been 
coincident  with  representative  government,  and  when 
one  has  perished,  the  other  has  not  long  survived. 
The  shadow  of  the  savior  of  society,  of  the  strong 
man,  or  the  man  on  horseback,  lies  darkly  across  the 
pages  of  history  when  the  representative  principle 
fails  or  falls.  The  conception  of  an  organic  law  and 
the  conception  of  a  representative  democracy  are  two 

216 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

mighty  principles  to  find  a  place  in  one  document  at 
a  time  when  the  world  had  no  care  or  thought  for 
either.    And  yet  the  greatest  is  behind. 

I  spoke  a  moment  ago  of  the  tradition  of  the  May- 
flower, and  by  that  I  meant  neither  of  the  great  po- 
litical principles  which  the  Compact  embodied.  The 
tradition  of  the  Mayflower,  as  I  read  it,  is  in  the  spirit 
and  purpose  of  the  little  band  of  exiles  who  made  the 
Compact  and  came  hither  to  found  a  state.  Their 
purpose  was  to  secure  freedom  to  worship  God  in 
their  own  fashion  and  to  preserve  their  nationality 
and  their  native  language.  For  these  ends  they  had 
left  safety,  shelter,  and  comfort,  and  passed  forth  over 
a  stormy  ocean  to  meet  death  by  privation,  to  endure 
cold  and  hunger,  and,  only  after  many  years  of  toil 
and  hardship,  to  achieve  a  modest  livelihood  on  the 
edge  of  the  wilderness,  remote  from  all  that  civiliza- 
tion had  to  give.  Their  purposes  were  all  ideal,  aU 
matters  of  sentiment,  if  you  please,  and  it  was  that 
which  made  them  great.  They  did  not  stop  to  ask 
what  Webster  called  that  "  miserable "  question, 
*'  What  is  all  this  worth? "  or  that  still  meaner  ques- 
tion, "  What  is  there  in  it  for  me?  "  They  cherished 
certain  high  ideals  above  all  else  the  world  could  give. 
They  were  not  helpless,  inefficient  sentimentalists,  but 
practical  men,  working  hard,  ready  to  fight,  if  need 
came,  doing  each  day's  duty,  and  meeting  all  re- 
sponsibilities. Yet  they  never  wavered  in  seeking  the 
ideals  they  had  set  before  them.    In  this  age  of  ours^ 

217 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

money  and  material  success  have  assumed  propor- 
tions never  before  witnessed.  Both  are  proper  and 
necessary  objects  of  ambition.  Neither  is  a  lofty  nor 
a  complete  ideal  in  the  life  of  man.  We  see  the  dan- 
gers which  they  breed.  On  the  one  side,  in  those  who 
have  succeeded,  a  greed  is  often  developed  which  is 
too  ready  to  disregard  law  and  trample  on  human 
rights.  On  the  other  side,  among  those  who  have 
been  unable  to  satisfy  their  craving  for  wealth,  ap- 
pears envy  and  malice,  which,  under  thin  disguises, 
would  destroy  the  more  fortunate  and  involve  the 
prosperity  of  guilty  and  innocent  alike  in  a  common 
ruin.  Between  the  two  extremes  we  must  find  the 
middle  way,  a  sane  and  effective  method  of  curbing 
overgrown  power  and  protecting  human  rights,  which 
are  first  and  most  sacred,  without  wrecking  all  other 
rights  and  destroying  those  opportunities  for  success 
which  civilization  has  built  up.  It  is  a  great  and  dif- 
ficult task,  infinitely  more  complicated  than  anything 
the  company  of  the  Mayflower  had  to  meet.  But 
their  way  of  meeting  their  difficulties  was  then,  and 
is  now,  the  right  and  the  noble  way.  They  set  before 
themselves  high  ideals  and  strove  with  all  their  might 
to  attain  them.  They  put  the  aspirations  of  the  soul 
above  the  demands  of  the  flesh.  They  were  laborious 
and  thrifty,  but  money  and  possessions  were  not  their 
highest  aim.  Their  spirit  was  that  which  has  given 
saints  and  martyrs  to  religion,  and  to  the  world  its 
art,  its  literature,  its  science,  its  intellectual  triumphs, 

218 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

all  which  makes  man  the  paragon  of  animals  and 
breathes  into  his  soul  the  faith  that  he  has  that  within 
which  can  never  die. 

We  must  have  material  prosperity,  but  woe  to  that 
man  or  that  nation  which  makes  wealth  its  god  and 
expects  to  find  salvation  in  large  statistics.  The  spir- 
itual and  the  intellectual  bloom  and  flourish  when  the 
material  is  withered  and  dead.  High  ideals  in  the 
conduct  of  life  are  what  survive,  and  that  is  why  the 
Pilgrim  narrative  stands  forth  in  the  pages  of  every 
history  as  one  of  the  great  events  of  the  time,  not  be- 
cause they  were  among  the  founders  of  the  Repubhc, 
but  because  they  had  great  purposes  and,  by  their 
conception  of  duty,  influenced  the  fate  of  men. 

As  the  evening  closed  round  the  little  ship  on  that 
day  in  late  November,  the  lanterns  were  lighted,  and, 
when  night  came,  threw  a  pale,  yellow  gleam  upon  the 
water.  It  was  a  faint  light.  It  could  not  penetrate 
the  dark  woods,  where  perhaps  some  savage  lurked 
and  watched ;  yet,  it  seems  to  me  as  I  look  back,  as  if 
that  little  light  streamed  forth  now,  broad  and  bril- 
liant, across  three  hundred  years,  passing  over  con- 
tinent and  ocean,  and  shining  with  the  clear  radiance 
which  all  men  can  see  and  understand. 

"  How  far  that  little  candle  throws  its  beams." 
"  So  shines  a  good  deed  in  a  naughty  world." 

The  Hon.  William  B.  Lawrence,  of  Medford,  a 
director  of  the  Memorial  Association,  accepted  the 

219 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

custody  of  the  monument  in  behalf  of  the  society  which 
he  represented. 


REMARKS   OF   HON.   WILLIAM    B.    LAWRENCE 

The  erection  of  this  landmark  of  liberty  was  made 
possible  for  the  association  by  the  patriotic  and  gen- 
erous assistance  of  the  Town  of  Provincetown,  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  the  United 
States  of  America  acting  through  its  Congress.  We 
now  enjoy  the  fruits  of  their  labors,  in  the  loftiest 
monument  ever  erected  in  New  England. 

The  nation  was  the  largest  contributor,  and  to 
you,  Senator  Lodge,  as  the  special  representative 
here  to-day  of  the  Government,  and  likewise  to  the 
Commonwealth  and  to  all  other  contributors  who 
have  cooperated  in  this  noble  and  glorious  under- 
taking, the  association  hereby  acknowledges  with 
gratitude  its  appreciation  of  their  assistance  and 
its  pleasure  in  the  presence  here  to-day  of  our  honored 
guests. 

The  association  is  justly  proud  that  this  memorial 
monument  has  been  erected  in  a  Commonwealth  which 
for  many  generations  has  held  the  principles  of  the 
Compact  in  reverent  memory,  in  framing  just  and 
equal  laws  for  the  general  good,  and  for  the  better 
ordering  and  preservation  of  the  Commonwealth,  and 
in  enforcing  obedience  to  those  laws. 

This  memorial  is  erected  by  the  association  to  per- 

220 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

petuate  to  posterity  the  remembrance  of  the  signing 
of  the  Compact  in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower,  in  the 
behef  that  the  Compact  contains  in  it  the  essential 
principles  of  democracy,  the  right  of  every  man  to 
have  an  equal  chance  with  his  fellows — the  right  to  a 
"  square  deal." 

In  the  Compact  the  Pilgrims  "  spoke  softly,"  but 
they  carried  a  "big  stick,"  too;  for  after  they  came 
ashore  they  chose  a  governor  to  enforce  submission  to 
just  and  equal  laws,  notwithstanding  they  had  all, 
before  landing,  voluntarily  covenanted  obedience  to 
them. 

Before  landing  there  were  those,  even  among  the 
Pilgrims,  who  threatened  that  when  they  came  ashore, 
where  none  had  power  to  command  them,  they  would 
use  their  own  liberty  for  their  own  ends  and  advance- 
ment ;  hence  was  occasioned  the  necessity  for  the  sign- 
ing of  the  Compact  by  which  they  were  "  straightly 
tied  to  all  care  for  each  other's  good  and  of  the  whole 
by  every  one." 

It  is  of  interest  to-day  to  note  how  the  Pilgrims 
dealt  with  the  men  who  were  not  willing  to  concede 
the  right  of  every  man  to  have  an  equal  chance  with 
his  fellows,  and  who  wanted  all  the  privileges  for 
themselves ;  for  there  are  not  wanting  in  our  own  times 
men  who  threaten  that  they  will  use  their  own  liberty 
for  their  own  ends  and  advancement  where  none  have 
power  to  command. 

We  are  told  that  the  Pilgrims,  "  in  their  hard  and 

221 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

difficult  beginning,  found  discontents  and  murmur- 
ings  arise  among  them,  and  mutinous  speech  and  car- 
riage; but  they  were  soon  quelled  and  overcome  by 
the  wisdom,  patience,  and  just  and  equal  carriage  of 
things  by  the  governor  and  the  better  part  which  clave 
faithfully  together  in  the  main." 

This  monument  was  erected  by  the  association  in 
the  belief  that  if  the  principles  of  the  Compact  are 
faithfully  put  in  effect  in  our  government,  if  our  laws 
are  just  and  equal,  and  are  faithfully  and  impartially 
enforced,  they  will  be  sufficient  in  the  future,  as  in  the 
past,  for  our  well  ordering  and  preservation.  It  is 
therefore  a  source  of  satisfaction  to  us  to  feel  that 
when  the  time  comes  that  the  place  which  knows  us 
now  shall  know  us  no  longer,  this  monument  will  per- 
manently endure  to  symbolize  the  aspiration  and  right 
of  every  man  to  an  equal  chance  with  his  fellows,  and 
that  the  principle  of  just  and  equal  laws  will  endure 
as  the  basis  of  government  of,  for,  and  by  the  people, 
long  after  our  names  and  the  very  echo  of  our  memo- 
ries are  lost  forever. 

In  accepting  the  official  custody  and  control  of  this 
monument  the  association  pledges  itself  faithfully  to 
do  its  full  duty. 

The  address  of  Mr.  Lawrence  was  followed  by  the 
singing  of  the  well-known  poem  of  INIrs.  Felicia 
Dorothea  Hemans,  "  The  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims," 
by  the  Harvard  Quartet : 

222 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

THE    LANDING    OF    THE    PILGRIMS 

The  breaking  waves  dashed  high. 

On  a  stern  and  rock-bound  coast, 
And  the  woods  against  a  stormy  sky. 

Their  giant  branches  tossed. 
And  the  heavy  night  hung  dark, 

The  hills  and  waters  o'er 
"V^Tien  a  band  of  exiles  moored  their  bark. 

On  the  wild  New  England  shore. 

Not  as  the  conqueror  comes. 

They,  the  true  hearted,  came; 
Not  with  the  roll  of  the  stirring  drums, 

And  the  trumpet  that  sings  of  fame; 
Not  as  the  flying  come, 

In  silence  and  in  fear; 
They  shook  the  depths  of  the  desert  gloom, 

With  their  hymns  of  lofty  cheer. 

Amidst  the  storm  they  sang. 

And  the  stars  heard,  and  the  sea. 
And  the  sounding  aisles  of  the  dim  woods  rang. 

To  the  anthem  of  the  free; 
The  ocean  eagle  soared. 

From  his  nest  by  the  white  wave's  foam. 
And  the  rocking  pines  of  the  forest  roared; 

This  was  their  welcome  home. 

What  sought  they  thus  afar.'' 
Bright  jewels  of  the  mine.'' 

The  wealth  of  seas,  the  spoils  of  war? 
They  sought  a  faith's  pure  shrine! 

Aye !  call  it  holy  ground. 

The  soil  where  first  they  trod ! 

They  have  left  unstained  what  there  they  found- 
Freedom  to  worship  God. 

223 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

President  Sears  next  presented  the  Honorable 
James  T.  McCleary,  member  of  Congress  from  Min- 
nesota, the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Library, 
to  which  was  referred  the  bill  for  the  Government 
appropriation  in  aid  of  the  building  fund.  "  When 
one  meets  with  success,  after  constant  endeavor  and 
repeated  failure,"  said  Captain  Sears,  "  he  is  ever 
grateful  to  those  through  whom  come  the  realization 
of  his  hopes  and  endeavors.  Our  efforts  to  obtain  an 
appropriation  from  Congress  in  aid  of  the  building 
fund,  which  would  make  the  early  erection  of  the 
monument  possible,  were  crowned  with  success  largely 
through  the  efforts  of  a  member  from  the  Middle 
West,  to  whom  we  to-day  desire  to  express  our  grati- 
tude. I  am  glad  to  be  able  to  present  the  Honorable 
James  T.  McCleary,  of  Minnesota." 

ADDRESS    OF    HON.    JAMES    T.    McCLEARY 

What  is  there  left?     (Laughter.) 

After  such  admirable  addresses  as  those  of  the 
statesman- scholar,  Dr.  Eliot,  and  the  scholar-states- 
man, Senator  Lodge,  on  the  beginnings  of  Massachu- 
setts, their  native  State,  what  is  there  left  to  say  for 
a  man  from  far-away  Minnesota,  for  a  man  who  was 
not  even  born  under  the  Stars  and  Stripes?  (Laugh- 
ter and  applause. ) 

The  man  who  thinks  that  his  wife  is  the  fairest  and 
his  children  the  brightest,  that  his  home  town  is  the 
finest  and  his  home  State  the  foremost,  and  that  his 

224 


JAMES    T.    McCLEARY,    MEMBER    OF    CONGRESS    FROM 
MINNESOTA. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

country  is  the  best  worth  living  for  or  dying  for  in  all 
the  world,  is  generally  likeable.  (Applause.)  So  I 
have  never  had  any  difficulty  in  liking  the  people  of 
Massachusetts.     (Laughter  and  applause.) 

I  am  always  proud  to  be  introduced  as  coming  from 
Minnesota.  There  she  lies  at  the  heart  of  the  conti- 
nent, halfway  between  the  equator  and  the  pole,  half- 
way between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Pacific — the  hub  of 
the  North  American  continent,  around  which  all  the 
rest  of  the  continent  revolves.  The  hub  of  the  conti- 
nent pays  tribute  to-day  to  "  the  hub  of  the  universe." 
(Laughter  and  applause.)  We  rejoice  with  you  in 
this  monument  to  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  and  we  are 
glad  to  have  had  a  share  in  building  it,  because  we 
know  ourselves  co-heirs  with  you  in  the  noble  heritage 
that  they  bequeathed  to  the  people  of  the  United 
States.     (Loud  applause.) 

That  remarkable  instrument  which  has  been  the 
worthy  object  of  so  much  eulogy  here  and  else- 
where, the  Mayflower  Compact  signed  in  yonder  bay, 
pledged  the  signers  to  frame  "  just  and  equal  laws," 
and  to  yield  to  them  "  all  due  submission  and  obe- 
dience." Justice  and  equity  were  thus  the  foundation 
stones  on  w^hich  they  builded  this  Commonwealth — 
an  enduring  foundation,  fitly  typified  by  the  shaft 
of  solid  granite  which  we  this  day  dedicate  in  their 
honor. 

"  Equal  laws."  Equal,  in  what  ways?  Equal,  to 
what  ends? 

225 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

In  the  words  of  Emerson,  "  America  spells  Op- 
portunity." And  we  owe  it  to  the  memories  of  the 
past  and  the  hopes  of  the  future  to  preserve  to  the 
utmost  equality  of  opportunity  among  our  people. 
Among  many  agencies  used  to  attain  that  end  per- 
haps the  foremost  in  efficiency  is  the  public-school 
system  founded  by  the  early  settlers  of  the  old  Bay 
State.  In  these  schools,  spread  now  all  over  our  land, 
the  children  of  all  our  people,  without  distinction,  are 
given,  as  nearly  as  is  possible,  equal  opportunity  for 
a  good  start  in  life. 

Equality  of  opportunity,  though  not  fully  attain- 
able, is  approved  and  desired  by  all  fair-minded  men 
and  women.  But  often,  with  the  best  of  intentions, 
people  pursue  an  object  in  the  very  way  most  calcu- 
lated to  defeat  their  purpose.  In  view  of  much  that 
has  been  said  of  late  on  this  subject,  it  seems  proper 
on  this  occasion  to  emphasize  the  vital  fact  that  equal- 
ity of  opportunity  implies  in  itself  the  right  to  in- 
equality of  result. 

Five  boys  are  starting  to  run  a  race.  Won't  the 
judges  and  spectators  have  performed  their  full  duty 
in  the  matter  when  they  see  that  the  start  is  a  fair  one, 
that  the  track  is  kept  clear,  and  that  none  of  the  con- 
testants in  any  way  fouls  another?     (Applause.) 

Suppose  that  one  of  the  boys  fairly  gains  the  lead 
and  it  becomes  evident  that,  unless  interfered  with, 
he  will  surely  win,  leaving  the  other  boys  far  in  the 
rear.    Suppose  that,  seeing  this,  the  judges  determine 

226 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

that,  simply  because  this  boy  is  winning,  he  shall  be 
hobbled  in  order  to  give  the  other  boys  a  chance  to 
reach  the  goal  with  him.  Suppose  they  do  hobble 
him,  thus  cutting  down  his  speed.  Has  this  boy  had 
a  square  deal?  Has  he  had  his  equality  of  opportu- 
nity? Certainly  not.  And  suppose  it  becomes  the 
practice  in  the  community  to  hobble  every  boy  that 
shows  ability  in  running,  what  will  be  the  result  ?  In- 
evitably that  community  will  soon  be  without  boys 
that  can  run  well.  Why?  Because  the  motive  for 
striving  to  become  good  runners  will  have  been  taken 
away. 

Suppose  that  we  as  a  nation  adopt  the  policy  of 
hobbling  and  worrying  needlessly  every  man  who 
shows  marked  ability  to  win  in  the  race  of  life ;  what 
will  be  the  result?  We  shall  become  a  nation  of 
weaklings,  of  men  who  cannot  achieve.  Progress 
will  become  impossible.  If  honorable  achievement  be 
treated  as  a  crime,  honorable  ambition  will  inevitably 
be  destroyed.     (Applause.) 

In  southeastern  Europe  is  a  country,  nameless  in 
this  presence,  which  is  exceptionally  rich  in  natural 
resources.  But  in  that  country  when  a  man  of  abil- 
ity forges  to  the  front  he  must  encounter  not  only 
the  envy  and  detraction  of  the  less  capable,  but  he 
becomes  an  object  of  attack  on  the  part  of  his  gov- 
ernment itself.  And  what  is  the  result?  In  a  coun- 
try blessed  with  an  unusual  abundance  of  natural 
resources,  a  country  that  ought  to  be  one  of  the 

227 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

richest  in  the  world,  whose  people  ought  to  be  en- 
joying the  highest  material  prosperity,  everyone  is 
poor  and  the  conditions  of  life  are  miserable.  Is  that 
a  country  to  be  emulated? 

Sometimes  when  men  declare  themselves  in  favor 
of  equality  of  opportunity,  they  are  really  aiming  at 
equality  of  result.  They  seem  to  think  that  with 
equality  of  opportunity  will  come  equality  of  result. 
But  that  is  not  so.  God  does  not  make  men  equal  in 
ability.  Some  excel  physically.  Some  are  eminent 
mentally.  Others  excel  morally.  Mr.  Chairman, 
when  we  find  a  man  who  is  great  in  all  three  ways, 
we  make  him  President  of  the  United  States.  ( Great 
laughter  and  applause.) 

Equality  of  opportunity  and  equality  of  result 
cannot  coexist.  The  five  boys  in  the  race  cannot  be 
brought  in  together  at  the  goal  except  by  hobbling  in 
some  way  all  the  good  runners,  penalizing  each  to  the 
extent  of  his  superiority  in  speed.  That  is,  equality 
of  result  can  be  secured  only  by  denying  equality  of 
opportunity. 

This  monument  owes  its  existence  to  leadership. 
For  a  quarter  of  a  century  the  idea  of  erecting  some 
such  monument  has  been  in  contemplation.  Probably 
every  person  of  the  thousands  to  whose  attention  the 
matter  was  brought  approved  the  proposition.  Nearly 
twenty  years  ago  an  organization  to  promote  its  erec- 
tion was  formed.  But  the  movement  dragged  until 
about  seven  years  ago.    Then  the  burden  of  leader- 

228 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

ship  in  the  movement  was  taken  up  by  a  man  to  whom 
it  has  ever  since  been  a  labor  of  love.  The  scores  of 
men  to  whom  credit  is  due  for  the  completed  monu- 
ment dedicated  this  day  all  cheerfully  concede  that 
the  achievement  is  due  primarily  to  the  courage  and 
constancy  and  unfaltering  leadership  of  the  gentle- 
man who  so  graciously  acts  as  chairman  on  this  occa- 
sion and  who  is  properly  seated  at  the  right  hand  of 
the  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  nation,  Captain  J.  Henry 
Sears.     (Applause.) 

And  it  is  a  noteworthy  fact,  illustrative  of  worthy 
leadership  in  every  line  of  human  endeavor,  that  there 
is  no  ground  for  envy  at  the  distinction  deservedly 
won  by  Captain  Sears.  Through  his  leadership  we 
all  rejoice  to-day  in  the  accomplished  result.  We  all 
have  satisfaction  in  feeling  that  we  had  a  hand  in 
bringing  about  that  result.  In  other  words,  those 
who  aided  Captain  Sears  have  something  to  feel 
proud  of  that  would  probably  have  had  no  existence 
but  for  his  leadership.  In  still  other  words,  lead- 
ership brings  honor  and  profit  not  only  to  itself 
but  also  to  those  who  follow,  and  more  of  good 
than  they  would  have  had  without  the  leadership.  A 
blow  aimed  at  proper  leadership  hits  not  only  the  one 
aimed  at,  but  also  those  who  are  being  led.  (Ap- 
plause. ) 

As  has  been  stated,  the  funds  for  the  erection  of 
this  monument  are  the  joint  contribution  of  the 
nation,  the  State,  the  community,  and  individual 
IS  229 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

subscribers.  I  well  remember  when  Captain  Sears, 
Captain  Lorenzo  D.  Baker,  Mr.  H.  H.  Baker,  Mr. 
Lawrence,  and  one  or  two  others  came  to  Wash- 
ington to  secure  the  cooperation  of  the  National 
Government.  Hon.  W.  C.  Lovering,  of  cherished 
memory,  who  then  so  ably  represented  this  district 
dn  Congress,  had  introduced  a  bill  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  bill  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
the  Library,  of  which  I  then  had  the  honor  to  be 
chairman.  At  the  request  of  the  Massachusetts  dele- 
gation, I  had  promised  that  Captain  Sears  and  his 
associates  should  have  a  "  hearing  "  before  the  com- 
mittee.   They  came  and  stated  their  case. 

The  summer  before,  while  wandering  in  many 
lands,  I  had  visited  Delfthaven.  I  had  spent  some 
time  in  the  church  where  the  Rev.  John  Robinson  had 
preached  that  memorable  farewell  sermon  to  the  little 
band  of  pilgrims  about  to  leave  Holland  for  Amer- 
ica. I  had  walked  over  the  ground  that  they  had  trod 
in  going  from  the  church  to  the  near-by  Speedwell. 
As  I  walked  along  beside  the  canal  I  noted  the  houses 
on  either  side  of  it.  Their  appearance  indicated  that, 
like  the  well-kept  church,  they  had  been  there  when 
the  Pilgrims  wended  their  way  to  the  little  ship.  I 
fancied  myself  at  one  of  the  windows  witnessing  the 
event.  I  fancied  something  or  someone  whispering 
into  my  ear,  "  There  goes  the  seed  of  the  greatest  na- 
tion in  the  world."  Would  I  have  believed  the  pre- 
diction?   Would  you,  if  the  prophecy  had  been  whis- 

230 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

pered  in  your  ear?  But  we  know  now  that  the  dream 
of  the  prophet  has  been  more  than  reahzed.  (Ap- 
plause.) Can  you  guess  where  I  stood  on  the  ques- 
tion of  the  committee's  giving  the  bill  a  favorable 
report  ?     ( Applause . ) 

But  it  took  several  years  to  get  the  bill  through 
Congress.  Winter  after  winter  Captain  Sears  came 
to  Washington  to  look  after  the  matter.  He  was 
accompanied  by  Mrs.  Sears,  for  you  know  when  a 
man  has  done  a  good  work  it  is  usually  true  that  a 
good  woman  has  given  him  help  and  courage.  (Ap- 
plause.) Finally,  after  years  of  effort,  with  the  co- 
operation of  the  Massachusetts  delegation  in  both 
Houses  (and  no  State  has  a  stronger  delegation)  and 
the  aid  of  Senator  Wetmore,  of  Rhode  Island,  who 
has  so  long  and  ably  served  as  chairman  of  the  Sen- 
ate Committee  on  the  Library,  the  bill  became  law. 
And  here  we  are,  dedicating  the  fine  monument 
won  through  the  indefatigable  leadership  of  Captain 
Sears. 

As  we  gaze  at  the  completed  structure,  we  cannot 
help  wondering  how  so  thoroughly  admirable  a  prod- 
uct was  secured  for  the  money  available.  It  is  a 
memorial  to  the  care  of  the  commission,  the  skill  of 
the  engineers,  and  the  honesty  of  the  contractor  and 
his  men.  It  was  built  on  honor,  and  is  an  enduring 
evidence  of  public  spirit,  exceedingly  creditable  to  all 
who  had  a  hand  in  its  construction.     (Applause.) 

Not  only  is  this  monument  the  result  of  leadership, 

231 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

it  is  also  a  tribute  to  leadershij).  Those  in  whose 
honor  it  has  been  erected  were  among  the  founders 
of  a  nation  whose  real  greatness  is  yet  to  be  revealed. 

When  I  came  to  this  country,  a  young  man,  I  could 
have  told  a  good  deal  about  the  land  of  the  Pharaohs, 
but  I  knew  little  about  the  great  Republic.  I  began 
promptly  to  study  its  history.  For  some  time  I  was 
under  the  impression  that  the  only  really  important 
part  of  the  United  States  was  New  England.  You 
see,  in  those  days  nearly  all  American  histories  were 
written  by  New  England  men.  (Laughter.)  But 
gradually  I  learned  that  while  New  England  must 
in  simple  justice  be  accorded  a  great  part  in  the  mak- 
ing of  our  national  history,  other  sections  have  done 
their  share. 

One  of  my  favorite  authors  on  American  history 
was  John  Fiske,  who  did  so  much  to  add  luster  to 
the  institution  over  which  so  long  presided,  with 
such  distinguished  ability,  the  man  whom  we  all 
love  to  honor,  to  whom  we  have  to-day  listened 
wdth  so  much  of  pleasure  and  profit.  Dr.  Eliot. 
(Applause.) 

I  shall  always  have  a  feeling  of  gratitude  toward 
Professor  Fiske  for  the  insight  that  he  gave  me  into 
the  inner  meanings  and  essential  significance  of  Amer- 
ican history.  He  was  not  only  a  chronicler  but  also 
an  interpreter.  One  of  his  lectures  began  with  the 
story  of  a  banquet  held  in  Paris,  France,  on  July  4, 
1863,  by  a  company  of  Americans,  in  honor  of  the 

232 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

natal  day  of  their  nation.  Of  course,  toasts  were  pro- 
posed, and,  of  course,  one  of  those  toasts  was  to  "  the 
United  States."  In  those  days  there  were  no  At- 
lantic cables,  so  those  Americans  in  Paris  could  not 
know  that  Gettysburg  had  been  won  and  Vicksburg 
had  been  captured.  Their  pride  was  tempered  by 
anxiety. 

The  toast  was  probably  proposed  by  a  son  of  New 
England,  exact  and  scholarly.  He  said,  "  Here's  to 
the  United  States,  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  British 
Possessions,  on  the  south  "  (and  how  his  voice  rang 
out  with  faith  and  courage  as  he  gave  this  southern 
boundary!)  "  by  Mexico  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on 
the  east  by  the  Atlantic,  and  on  the  west  by  the  Pa- 
cific."   And  to  that  toast  they  drank. 

Then  uprose  another  man.  He  was  from  farther 
west,  probably  from  Ohio.  He  said,  "  In  giving  the 
boundaries  of  the  United  States,  why  not  anticipate 
the  future  a  little?  Here's  to  the  United  States, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  North  Pole  (laughter), 
on  the  south  by  the  South  Pole  (laughter) ,  on  the  east 
by  the  rising  of  the  sun,  and  on  the  west  by  the  setting 
thereof."     (Laughter  and  applause.) 

Then  arose  another  of  the  banqueters,  a  tall  chap 
from  one  of  the  prairie  States,  perhaps  from  Minne- 
sota, who  said,  "  If  we  are  going  to  indulge  in  proph- 
ecy, why  not  see  \^dth  the  eye  and  speak  with  the 
tongue  of  a  prophet?  Here's  to  the  United  States, 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  aurora  borealis  (laugh- 

233 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

ter) ,  on  the  south  by  the  precession  of  the  equinoxes, 
on  the  east  by  primeval  chaos,  and  on  the  west  by  the 
day  of  judgment."     (Laughter  and  applause.) 

That  is  not  exactly  the  way  Professor  Fiske  told 
the  story,  but  I  have  followed  the  Fiske  line  of 
thought,  as  I  shall  in  the  propositions  with  which  he 
followed  the  story.  It  is  a  banquet  story,  intended  to 
create  a  laugh;  but  like  every  other  really  good  ban- 
quet story,  it  has  something  in  it  immensely  more 
important  than  the  fun. 

In  its  essence  that  story  is  destined  to  come  true  I 
The  United  States  will  extend  from  pole  to  pole  and 
from  the  rising  to  the  setting  of  the  sun!  That  re- 
sult was  designed  when  things  were  in  primeval  chaos, 
and  when  it  comes  it  will  last  until  the  day  of  judg- 
ment. It  will  not  be  the  United  States  of  America. 
God  forbid.  We  have  extended  to  the  breaking  point 
already.  It  will  be  the  United  States  of  the  World, 
modeled  after  the  United  States  of  America,  con- 
structed on  the  two  great  principles  of  representation 
and  federation,  which  our  history  has  shown  to  be 
practicable  over  a  vast  area. 

What  is  the  spectacle  that  this  country  presents  to 
the  world?  What  is  the  most  noteworthy  thing  about 
this  great  country  of  ours?  It  is  that  of  forty-six, 
soon  to  be  forty-eight,  little  nations,  called  "  States," 
each  absolutely  independent  of  the  others  and  of  the 
central  government  in  all  matters  purely  local  to 
themselves,  living  together,  side  by  side,  in  peace,  no 

234 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

fortresses  on  their  frontiers,  no  standing  armies  within 
their  borders.  (Applause.)  I  measure  my  words 
when  I  say  that  this  is  the  most  important  fact  in  the 
world,  that  the  world's  most  valuable  secular  posses- 
sion is  the  Union  of  the  American  States.  Hundreds 
of  thousands  of  human  lives  and  thousands  of  millions 
of  human  treasure  were  given  for  its  preservation, 
but  it  is  worth  to  us  and  to  the  world  infinitely  more 
than  it  has  cost.  (Applause.)  Lincoln's  wisdom  was 
seen  in  his  recognizing  the  preservation  of  the  Union 
as  the  supreme  thing  in  the  Civil  War. 

The  United  States — States  united.  There  are  two 
fundamental  ideas  in  that  beautiful  name  of  our  coun- 
try, statehood  and  union,  both  vitally  important.  The 
United  States  reveals  to  the  world  as  never  before 
the  wonderful  wedding  of  local  self-government  and 
national  strength,  of  "  liberty  and  union,  one  and 
inseparable,  now  and  forever."     (Applause.) 

This  is  not  the  oldest  of  republics,  nor  the  first  to 
cover  a  large  area.  But  it  is  the  great  example  in  the 
world's  history  of  a  republic  of  republics  covering 
such  an  area,  a  nation  continental  in  size  and  com- 
posed of  self-governing  parts.  Each  of  these  self- 
governing  parts  sends  to  Washington  its  repre- 
sentatives, who,  with  those  of  other  states  "  in  con- 
gress assembled,"  consider  matters  of  national  con- 
cern, settling  differences  between  the  states  without 
resort  to  arms. 

And  this  idea  of  peaceful  federation  of  self-gov- 

235 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

erning  units  is  spreading.  Already  we  see  it  in  opera- 
tion in  the  Dominion  of  Canada  near  by  and  in  far- 
away Australia.  In  Europe  the  German  empire  is 
built  on  this  great  principle.  As  the  result  of  com- 
mercial competition,  Europe  will  discover  that  she 
cannot  endure  the  burden  of  her  vast  military  estab- 
lishments. She  will  be  compelled  to  tear  down  her 
fortresses  and  disband  her  armies.  It  is  no  idle 
dream  that  there  will  come  the  United  States  of  Eu- 
rope, each  country  retaining  its  independence  and 
self-government,  as  do  our  States,  only  matters  of 
common  concern  being  considered  at  the  congress  of 
all  the  European  countries.  And  the  idea  will  yet 
possess  the  earth.  Already  we  have  the  International 
Postal  Union,  whose  meetings  of  duly  accredited  na- 
tional representatives,  held  about  once  in  four  years, 
determine  matters  of  international  postal  policy  and 
practice.  Already  we  have  The  Hague  Tribunal,  at 
which  many  international  difficulties  are  settled  with- 
out resort  to  war. 

This  great  federal-representative  idea,  which  the 
history  of  this  country  has  demonstrated  to  be  prac- 
ticable over  an  area  continental  in  extent,  will  yet,  as 
I  have  said,  cover  the  earth.  We  shall  by  and  by 
have  the  United  States  of  the  World,  extending  from 
pole  to  pole  and  from  the  rising  to  the  setting  of 
the  sun.  Thus,  through  our  American  institutions, 
founded  by  the  fathers  and  developed  by  the  sons, 
will  be  realized  the  dream  of  the  poet,  when 

236 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

The  war  drums  beat  no  longer 

And  the  battle  flags  are  furled, 
In  the  parliament  of  man, 

The  federation  of  the  world. 

Thus  will  come  true  the  vision  of  the  prophet,  when 
"  The  sword  shall  be  beaten  into  the  plowshare  and 
the  spear  into  the  pruning  hook,  and  men  shall  learn 
of  war  no  more."  What  transcendent  dignity  at- 
taches to  American  citizenship  when  we  understand 
that,  under  the  divine  plan,  our  country  was  designed 
to  be  the  chief  instrumentality  in  realizing  what  He 
came  nineteen  hundred  years  ago  to  bring,  "  Peace 
on  earth,  toward  men  good- will."  (Long-continued 
applause.) 

The  chief  magistrate  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Massachusetts  was  next  introduced  by  the  presiding 
officer.  "  Loyalty  to  the  great  Commonwealth,"  said 
Captain  Sears,  "  has  always  been  a  characteristic  of 
the  people  of  Cape  Cod.  We  are  always  glad  to  wel- 
come the  chief  magistrate  of  our  State.  We  are 
especially  glad  to  welcome  him  to-day,  since  his  is  the 
task  and  the  pleasure  of  presenting  the  nation's  chief. 
Governor  Draper,  of  Massachusetts." 

REMARKS    OF    GOVERNOR    EBEN    S.    DRAPER 

Three  years  ago  the  corner  stone  of  this  monument 
was  laid  in  the  presence  of  a  great  concourse  of  peo- 
ple.    Men  of  the  greatest  distinction  took  part  in 

237 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

those  exercises.  The  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  the 
President  of  the  United  States,  our  senior  Senator, 
the  British  Ambassador,  and  the  Congressman  from 
this  district  were  here  and  in  eloquent  speech  told  of 
the  Pilgrims  and  of  the  great  compact  they  made  and 
adopted.  Their  presence  then  and  the  words  they 
spoke  fitly  commemorated  the  laying  of  the  corner 
stone  of  this  now  completed  memorial. 

This  monument  shows  that  our  people  and  our 
State  and  national  governments  honor  and  revere  the 
Pilgrims  and  the  great  principles  of  government  they 
enunciated.  They  were  insignificant  in  numbers  and 
power,  but  in  the  establishment  of,  and  obedience  to, 
law  they  were  great.  This  great  nation  was  builded 
on  the  principles  they  laid  down.  So  long  as  we  are 
guided  by  their  theories  of  government  we  shall  grow 
and  prosper.  When  we  neglect  those  theories  and 
permit  any  man  or  men  to  be  greater  than  the  law, 
we  shall  suffer. 

The  great  problem  of  the  present  and  the  future 
with  which  we  must  successfully  contend  is  the  proper 
obedience  to  law.  With  the  great  numbers  of  people 
coming  to  our  shores  from  every  land,  untutored  in 
our  principles  of  government,  we  have  the  great  duty 
properly  to  teach  and  make  plain  that  only  in  sub- 
mission and  support  of  the  law  can  true  liberty  be 
secured  and  maintained.  As  high  a  duty  also  is  the 
teaching  of  individuals  of  great  power  in  all  branches 
of  life  that  they  also  must  recognize  that  the  only 

238 


EBEN    S.    DRAPP:R,    GOVERNOR    OF    MASSACHUSETTS. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

hope  for  the  future  of  this  nation  is  in  their  own  sup- 
port of  and  obedience  to  the  law.  This  nation  must 
be  governed  by  laws,  not  by  men. 

May  this  monument  last  for  all  time,  as  an  inspi- 
ration to  all  our  people  to  cultivate  the  simple  virtues 
possessed  and  the  great  principles  enunciated  by  the 
Pilgrims. 

It  is  most  fitting  that  this  monument  whose  corner 
stone  was  laid  by  one  President  should  be  dedicated 
by  another.  The  first  was  a  direct  descendant  of  the 
early  Dutch  settlers.  The  latter  is  a  direct  descend- 
ant of  the  Pilgrims  and  the  Puritans  of  our  own 
Commonwealth,  one  who  exemplifies  their  virtues  and 
is  a  twentieth-century  embodiment  of  their  ideas  and 
ideals. 

I  am  proud  and  honored  to  present  to  you  the 
President  of  the  United  States. 

The  President  was  received  with  applause  and  a 
round  of  cheers  and  was  listened  to  with  close  at- 
tention. 

ADDRESS    OF    PRESIDENT    TAFT 

Here,  two  hundred  and  ninety  years  ago,  a  band 
of  one  hundred  Pilgrims,  in  a  small,  crowded,  and 
leaking  vessel,  first  saw  their  new  home.  They  had 
been  preceded  by  the  French  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
and  by  the  English  at  Jamestown;  and  other  efforts 
had  been  made  on  the  New  England  coast  to  found 

239 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

colonies  for  profit  before  this.  But  theirs  was  the 
first  attempt  by  men  seeking  pohtical  and  rehgious 
indej^endence  to  secure  an  asylum  in  America  where 
they  might  escape  the  fussy,  meddling,  narrow,  and 
tj^rannical  restraints  imposed  by  the  first  of  the  Stu- 
arts. They  were  not  of  the  nobility;  they  were  not 
of  the  upper  middle  class.  They  were  of  the  yeo- 
manry, of  the  farmer  class.  Their  ministers  were 
university-bred  men,  but  the  rest  were  humble,  God- 
fearing persons  who  were  avowed  nonconformists  and 
had  been  persecuted  as  such  in  their  homes  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  England.  As  early  as  1609  they  fled  to 
Amsterdam  and  then  to  Leyden  to  enjoy  the  freedom 
of  religious  worship  for  which  Holland  was  then  dis- 
tinguished among  the  countries  of  the  world.  It  was 
there  that,  years  before,  Erasmus  had  preached  the 
wisdom  and  virtue  of  toleration  of  religious  beliefs, 
and  the  elimination  of  the  Spanish  Inquisition  left 
the  Netherlands  the  refuge  of  those  persecuted  for 
their  faith.  The  wish  to  remain  Englishmen  finally 
induced  this  venturesome  quest  for  another  place  of 
residence  where  they  could  maintain  a  theocracy  based 
on  a  human  democracy.  Other  colonies,  attempted  in 
New  England  and  elsewhere,  failed  for  lack  of  the 
persistence,  endurance,  and  courage  in  the  colonists. 
The  privations  to  which  they  were  subject  were  too 
great,  especially  in  New  England,  and  settlement 
after  settlement  ceased  to  be  for  lack  of  inhabitants. 
The  difference  between  all  these  and  the  Pilgrims  was 

240 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

the  motive  which  inspired  them  to  come.  They  lost 
more  than  fifty  per  cent  of  their  number  in  the  first 
year  by  exposure  and  privation,  but  they  persevered. 
They  were  reenforced  by  others  whom  they  had  left 
behind  in  Holland,  and  they  were  preserved  from  de- 
struction by  the  Indians  by  a  fortunate  superstition 
and  by  their  just,  fair,  and  conciliatory  treatment  of 
their  red  neighbors.  Their  colony  grew  in  numbers 
but  slowly.  After  ten  years  the  Massachusetts  Bay 
colony  of  Puritans  from  England  took  possession  of 
Boston  and  Salem  and  as  far  north  as  the  Merrimac. 
They  came  in  far  greater  numbers  and  founded  many 
settlements  more  prosperous.  But  it  was  by  this  band 
of  Plymouth  Pilgrims  that  the  possibility  of  estab- 
lishing a  successful  asylum  for  political  and  religious 
refugees  in  New  England  was  made  manifest. 

The  differences  between  the  Pilgrims  and  Puritans 
emphasize  the  heroism  of  the  Plymouth  colony.  The 
Puritans  had  been  a  very  powerful  political  party  in 
England.  They  represented  wealth  and  substance 
and  social  prominence  and  influence.  When  they 
came,  they  sailed  in  comparative  comfort  and  free- 
dom from  danger,  and  they  came  in  thousands.  Not 
so  with  the  Pilgrims.  They  were  the  humble  hus- 
bandmen whose  religious  faith  was  extreme  in  its  sim- 
plicity, and  stern.  The  spirit  which  prompted  them 
to  brave  the  seas  in  a  cockleshell  like  the  Mayflower, 
to  land  on  this  forbidding  coast  in  winter,  and  to  live 
here  has  made  the  history  of  this  country  what  it  is. 

241 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

It  prompted  and  fought  the  Revolutionary  War.  It 
welcomed  and  fought  the  Civil  War,  and  it  has  fur- 
nished to  the  United  States  the  highest  ideals  of 
moral  life  and  political  citizenship.  We  need  not  de- 
fend the  lack  of  liberality  which  in  their  early  history 
the  Pilgrims  may  have  shown  to  those  differing  with 
them  in  religious  belief  and  creed.  Out  of  the  logic 
of  their  intellectual  processes  there  came  ultimately 
religious  freedom,  while  in  the  energy  and  intensity 
of  their  religious  faith  they  uncomplainingly  met  the 
sufferings  and  the  hardships  that  were  inevitable  in 
their  search  for  liberty. 

It  is  meet,  therefore,  that  the  United  States,  as  well 
as  the  State  of  Massachusetts,  should  unite  in  placing 
here  a  memorial  to  the  Pilgrims.  The  warships  that 
are  here  with  their  cannon  to  testify  to  its  national 
character  and  typify  the  strength  and  power  of  that 
Government  whose  people  have  derived  much  from 
the  spirit  and  example  of  the  heroic  band.  Governor 
Bradford,  Elder  Brewster,  Captain  Miles  Standish, 
Dr.  Robinson  (who  was  left  in  Holland  and  never 
was  able  to  join  his  beloved  people)  are  the  types  of 
men  in  whom  as  ancestors,  either  by  blood  or  by  edu- 
cation and  example  as  citizens,  the  American  people 
may  well  take  pride.  This  magnificent  monument, 
rearing  its  head  high  on  the  most  conspicuous  prom- 
ontory of  our  coast,  will  fittingly  remind  the  traveler 
by  sea  of  the  beginnings  of  New  England,  and  note 
the  fact  that  those  whose  spirit  of  liberty  was  to  per- 

242 


WILLIAM    H.   TAFT,  PRESIDENT   OF  THE    UNITED   STATES. 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

sist  for  centuries,  even  to  the  foundation  and  preser- 
vation of  our  great  Republic,  here  first  saw  the  land 
and  here  first  put  foot  upon  the  shore. 

At  the  close  of  the  address  of  the  President,  Miss 
Barbara  Hoyt,  of  New  York,  a  young  miss,  the  tenth 
in  descent  from  Elder  Brewster,  came  to  the  front 
of  the  platform,  and  with  cords  drew  aside  the  flags 
which  were  draped  over  a  bronze  tablet  which  had 
been  placed  above  the  south  doorway  of  the  monu- 
ment, and  which  bore  an  inscription,  written  by  the 
orator  of  the  day.  President  Eliot. 

INSCRIPTION    UPON    THE    TABLET 

ON  NOVEMBER  21st,  1620,  THE  MAYFLOWER,  CARRYING'102  PAS- 
SENGERS, MEN,  WOMEN  AND  CHILDREN,  CAST  ANCHOR  IN  THIS 
HARBOR  67  DAYS  FROM  PLYMOUTH,  ENGLAND. 

ON  THE  SAME  DAY  THE  41  ADULT  MALES  IN  THE  COMPANY 
HAD  SOLEMNLY  COVENANTED  AND  COMBINED  THEMSELVES 
TOGETHER  "INTO  A  CIVIL  BODY  POLITICK." 

THIS  BODY  POLITIC  ESTABLISHED  AND  MAINTAINED  ON  THE 
BLEAK  AND  BARREN  EDGE  OF  A  VAST  WILDERNESS  A  STATE 
WITHOUT  A  KING  OR  A  NOBLE,  A  CHURCH  WITHOUT  A  BISHOP 
OR  A  PRIEST,  A  DEMOCRATIC  COMMONWEALTH  THE  MEMBERS 
OF  WHICH  WERE  "  STRAIGHTLY  TIED  TO  ALL  CARE  OF  EACH 
OTHER'S  GOOD  AND  OF  THE  WHOLE  BY  EVERY  ONE." 

WITH  LONG-SUFFERING  DEVOTION  AND  SOBER  RESOLUTION 
THEY  ILLUSTRATED  FOR  THE  FIRST  TIME  IN  HISTORY  THE 
PRINCIPLES  OF  CIVIL  AND  RELIGIOUS  LIBERTY  AND  THE  PRAC- 
TICES OF  A  GENUINE  DEMOCRACY. 

THEREFORE  THE  REMEMBRANCE  OF  THEM  SHALL  BE  PERPETUAL 
IN  THE  VAST  REPUBLIC  THAT  HAS  INHERITED  THEIR  IDEALS. 

243 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

Mr.  Henry  H.  Baker,  of  Hyannis,  a  member  of 
the  board  of  directors,  in  behalf  of  the  association, 
made  the  concluding  address: 

REMARKS    OF    HENRY    H.    BAKER,    ESQ., 

I  deem  it  my  especial  privilege  and  honor  to  par- 
ticipate in  these  dedicatory  exercises  as  the  repre- 
sentative of  the  people  of  Barnstable  County.  Even 
upon  an  occasion  like  this,  of  such  importance  and 
significance  as  to  be  honored  by  the  presence  of  the 
eminent  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  nation,  it  perhaps  is 
not  altogether  improper  that  a  native  and  citizen  of 
Cape  Cod  should  be  assigned  a  part.  For  this  is  the 
Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association.  Here  at 
Provincetown  this  association  had  its  origin  in  1892. 
And  it  was  in  the  historic  cape  town  of  Brewster,  at 
a  meeting  of  the  Pilgrim  Club,  a  local  organization, 
held  on  May  1,  1901,  that  the  beloved  president  of 
this  association,  Captain  Sears,  first  suggested  en- 
larging the  scope  of  the  work  of  the  Provincetown 
association  and  raising  funds  to  build  the  monument 
we  dedicate  to-day;  and  it  was  the  earnestness  and 
zeal  and  hearty  support  of  the  members  of  this  little 
Pilgrim  Club  of  Brewster  which  gave  to  Captain 
Sears  and  his  colleagues  the  courage  and  the  faith  to 
begin  the  task  which  in  so  short  and  unprecedented 
a  time  has  resulted  in  the  building  of  this  magnificent 
memorial.    All  honor  to  the  Pilgrim  Club  of  Brew- 

244 


MISS  BARBARA  HOYT  UNVEILING  THE  DEDICATION 
TABLET  OF  THE  PILGRIM  MONUMENT  (MRS.  TAFT 
IN    BACKGROUND). 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

ster,  whose  loyalty  and  interest  were  one  of  the  main 
supports  of  this  movement  in  its  early  and  struggling 
days.  From  that  meeting  in  the  little  library  at 
Brewster  nine  years  ago,  at  which  there  were  present 
only  four  others  besides  the  members  of  the  Pilgrim 
Club,  went  out  the  appeal  for  aid,  first  to  the  sons 
and  daughters  of  the  cape  who  have  remained  at 
home,  upon  whose  shoulders  have  fallen  the  mantles 
of  the  fathers,  and  generously  and  eagerly  in  response 
they  gave  of  their  frugal  means.  Next  the  call  went 
forth  to  that  other  and  larger  class,  those  who  have 
gone  forth  from  their  native  Cape  Cod  homes  and 
made  brave  names  for  themselves  in  the  centers  of 
commerce  and  industry  of  this  great  country,  and 
they,  too,  gave  generously  and  eagerly  of  their  more 
abundant  means.  After  such  a  beginning,  well  might 
the  association  ask  the  Commonwealth  to  do  its  part; 
and  nobly  the  Commonwealth  responded.  And  then 
at  last  the  association  came  to  a  full  realization  of  the 
deep  significance  of  the  signing  of  the  Compact,  the 
realization  that  the  Compact  was  the  germ  of  repre- 
sentative democratic  government  of  which  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  became  the  ripe  fruition;  and  so,  and 
not  in  vain,  the  mighty  aid  of  the  nation  was  sought. 
And  thus  the  task  was  done,  and  to-daj^  is  dedicated 
a  monument  worthy  in  its  majesty  and  beauty  of  the 
great  historic  event  which  it  commemorates.  And 
upon  this  monument  is  placed  the  tablet  which  we 
to-day  unveil  and  which  will  ever  remind  every  per- 
17  245 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

son  who  reads  the  words  thereon  inscribed  that  by  this 
Compact,  signed  in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower  in 
Provincetown  Harbor,  our  Pilgrim  ancestors  com- 
bined themselves  into  "  a  civil  body  politick,"  and,  in 
the  pure  and  classic  language  of  the  eminent  author 
of  the  inscription,  "  illustrated  for  the  first  time  in 
history  the  principles  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  and 
the  practices  of  a  genuine  democracy." 

What,  then,  is  the  meaning  and  significance  of  this 
monument  to  those  of  us  who  will  continue  to  dwell 
under  its  shadow?  Shall  we  citizens  of  the  cape  dwell- 
ing on  this  sacred  soil,  in  this  historic  environment, 
be  content  to  felicitate  ourselves  upon  our  Pilgrim 
descent?  Shall  the  inscription  upon  this  tablet  have 
for  us  at  least  no  meaning?  Or  rather  shall  we  show 
that  we  have  indeed  inherited  the  ideals  of  the  signers 
of  the  Compact  and  that  the  remembrance  of  them 
shall  be  perpetual  with  us?  Shall  we  be  true  to  the 
same  sense  of  duty  and  spirit  of  liberty  that  actuated 
them?  The  signers  of  the  Compact  looked  to  the 
future,  not  to  the  past.  Let  us  do  likewise  in  our  day 
and  generation.  Ours  is  the  inheritance,  and  by  vir- 
tue thereof  ours  is  the  duty  and  responsibility. 

A  selection  by  the  Salem  Cadet  Band  closed  the 
formal  exercises  of  the  dedication.  At  the  Town  Hall 
a  dinner  was  served  at  the  conclusion  of  the  formali- 
ties. Tables  were  spread  for  about  six  hundred  per- 
sons.   The  hall  was  very  effectively  decorated  in  dra- 

246 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

peries  of  cool  green  and  white  interspersed  with  the 
national  colors.  On  the  stage  an  orchestra  of  seven- 
teen pieces  from  the  battleship  Connecticut  was  sta- 
tioned, their  scarlet  uniforms  giving  a  strong  touch 
of  color.  The  waitresses  were  fifty  young  girls, 
daughters  of  citizens  of  the  town,  arrayed  tastefully 
in  white. 

After  a  brief  rest  and  an  informal  reception  in  the 
apartments  of  the  selectmen  of  the  town,  President 
Taft  with  his  party  ascended  to  the  hall  above,  where 
he  was  received  by  the  entire  assemblage  standing. 
The  President  was  seated  at  the  right  of  Mr.  A.  P. 
Hannum,  the  toastmaster;  others  at  the  guest  table 
were  Mrs.  Taft,  Governor  Draper,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor Frothingham,  President  Sears,  President  Eliot, 
Admiral  Schroeder,  Admiral  Vreeland,  Mr.  H.  M. 
Van  Weede,  Senator  Lodge,  Secretary  Meyer,  Hon. 
James  T.  McCleary,  Hon.  Ernest  W.  Roberts,  rep- 
resentative in  Congress  from  Massachusetts;  Rev. 
James  De  Normandie,  Mr.  Harry  A.  Gushing,  sec- 
retary of  the  New  England  Society  in  New  York; 
Mr.  Howland  Davis,  representing  the  General  So- 
ciety of  Mayflower  Descendants;  Hon.  John  F.  Fitz- 
gerald, Mayor  of  Boston;  Rev.  Caleb  A.  Fisher,  of 
Lowell;  Rev.  R.  Perry  Bush,  D.D.,  of  Chelsea,  and 
Rev.  William  H.  Rider,  D.D.,  of  Gloucester.  The 
divine  blessing  was  invoked  by  Rev.  Dr.  Rider. 

At  each  cover  lay  a  handsome  bill  of  fare.  A  pho- 
tograph of  the  monument  was  upon  the  outside ;  upon 

247 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

the  first  page  a  cut  of  the  Mayflower  and  the  inscrip- 
tion, "  Commemoration  of  the  first  landing  of  the 
Pilgrims  and  Signing  of  the  Compact  in  Province- 
town  Harbor,  November  11,  1620.  Banquet  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Town  of  Provincetown,  August 
5,  1910."  The  menu  included  lobster  stew,  salmon 
cutlets,  with  peas;  cold  roast  tenderloin,  with  vege- 
table salad;  roast  turkey,  with  potato  salad;  cold 
tongue  and  ham,  frozen  pudding,  ices,  sherbets,  cakes, 
fruit,  and  coffee. 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  feast  the  toastmaster 
presented  Mr.  Howland  Davis,  as  representing  the 
Pilgrim  Company.  Mr.  Davis  spoke  briefly,  but  in- 
terestingly : 

REMARKS    OF    MR.    HOWLAND    DAVIS 

It  has  been  a  great  pleasure  to  be  with  you  to-day 
as  the  representative  of  the  Society  of  Majrflower 
Descendants  and  to  assist  in  the  dedication  of  this 
beautiful  monument  which  you  have  erected  to  the 
memory  of  our  ancestors,  the  Pilgrims,  and  especially 
in  memory  of  that  Compact  which  was  signed  by  them 
in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower  as  it  lay  at  anchor  in 
this  harbor. 

Our  society  believes  that  such  a  monument  has  a 
real  use  and  does  a  real  good,  and  that  it  will  take 
its  place  with  the  monuments  across  the  bay  at  Plym- 
outh and  Duxbury  as  landmarks  in  American  his- 

248 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

tory,  to  which  people  from  all  parts  of  this  country 
have  come,  and  will  continue  to  come,  as  they  become 
interested  in  their  ancestors  and  what  they  did. 

We  believe  that  this  coming  back  to  something  is 
a  good  thing  in  this  modern  busy  life,  and  that  it  is 
a  good  thing  to  come  back  to  New  England  and  to 
come  back  to  our  ancestors — to  find  out  what  kind 
of  people  they  were,  what  were  their  characteristics 
and  their  virtues,  and  what  of  these  we  have  inherited 
from  them  and  what  we  hope  to  hand  down  to  our 
descendants.  These  monuments  remind  us  that  this 
country  of  ours,  notwithstanding  its  wonderful  natu- 
ral wealth  of  opportunities,  has  not  been  built  up 
without  great  labor,  wisdom,  and  devotion  on  the 
part  of  those  who  have  gone  before  us,  whether  our 
ancestors  were  Pilgrims  or  Puritans,  Revolutionary 
heroes  or  Civil  War  veterans,  and  they  should  re- 
mind us  that  we  must  surely  see  that  we  ourselves 
are  not  the  weak  link  in  the  chain  between  them  and 
those  whose  duty  it  will  be  to  take  care  of  its  future. 

Therefore,  Mr.  President,  I  say  you  have  done  weU 
to  build  this  monument,  to  help  keep  these  things  in 
mind,  and  I  congratulate  you  on  your  success. 

Mr.  Davis  was  followed  by  Mr.  H.  A.  Gushing, 
secretary  of  the  New  England  Society  in  the  City  of 
New  York,  who  said: 


249 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

REMARKS    OF    MR.    HARRY    A.    GUSHING 

The  New  England  Society  in  the  City  of  New 
York,  now  in  its  one  hundred  and  fifth  year,  and 
now  visiting  Provincetown  for  the  first  time,  brings 
its  cordial  greetings  to  the  association  of  which  Cap- 
tain Sears  is  president  and  to  the  people  of  Province- 
town,  upon  the  successful  completion,  and  the  dedi- 
cation under  such  signal  auspices,  of  your  noble 
shaft.  So  long  as  the  cape  shall  stand,  the  tower 
above  your  town  will  serve,  both  for  seafaring  men 
and  for  landsmen,  as  a  permanent  memorial  of  that 
November  day  when  the  Pilgrims  came  within  the 
cape  harbor,  and  there,  following  the  teachings  of 
their  leader  at  home,  John  Robinson,  fell  on  their 
knees  and  gave  thanks  to  God  for  their  preservation 
on  the  seas,  and  when  they  there  drafted  the  docu- 
ment whose  effect  you  celebrate  to-day,  and,  with 
their  practical  political  instinct,  bearing  in  mind  the 
"  discontented  and  mutinous  speeches  "  heard  during 
the  voyage,  required  all,  whether  faithful  or  malcon- 
tent, to  sign  the  Compact  before  the  ship's  ladder 
was  let  down. 

While  fully  sharing  your  sentiments  as  to  the 
events  of  that  twenty-first  of  November,  the  New 
York  New  Englander,  with  no  envy  and  with  no  re- 
gret, naturally  inclines  to  reflect  also  upon  the  twen- 
tieth of  November,  when  the  Pilgrims,  having  come 
upon  the  Cape  Cod  of  Captain  Gosnold,  the  Cape 

250 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

James  of  Captain  Smith,  and  having,  as  between 
Guiana  on  the  one  hand  and  these  northern  shores  on 
the  other,  fixed  upon  the  Hudson  River  as  an  ideal 
spot  for  their  future  home,  laid  their  course  to  the 
southward.  Thence  they  sailed  a  half  day,  and  came 
upon  the  "  deangerous  shoulds  and  roring  breakers  " 
of  Tucker's  Terrour,  known  to  the  Dutch  and  French 
as  Malabarr,  and  there  being  "  farr  intangled,"  as 
Bradford  said,  they  put  about  and  stood  up  the  coast 
for  your  harbor,  where  the  next  day  they  "  ridd  in 
saftie."  But  for  the  mischance  of  navigation,  a  me- 
morial such  as  yours  might  now  be  partly  in  the 
keeping  of  our  own  society.  Certainly  for  once  the 
dangers  of  your  coast  proved  a  blessing  to  your  town. 
If  such  a  monument  were  in  New  York  Harbor  it 
would  serve  to  recall  the  ideas  and  ideals  of  the  Pil- 
grims in  a  community  now  largely  given  over  to  those 
from  other  States.  The  Pennsylvania  Society  there 
wields  a  substantial  influence,  the  INIissouri  Society  is 
often  heard  from,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  popula- 
tion are  busily  shaping  their  family  trees  so  as  to 
qualify  for  membership  in  the  young  and  vigorous 
Society  of  the  Sons  of  Ohio.  No  one,  however,  can 
regret  these  incursions  when  one  realizes  that  they 
often  bear  strains  of  the  old  New  England.  Indeed, 
this  expansion  of  New  England  is  typified  here  to- 
day. When  you  are  honored  by  the  presence  of  one 
who  is  a  son  of  Ohio,  a  grandson  both  of  Vermont 
and  of  Massachusetts,  and  who  to-day  comes  into 

251 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

your  harbor  on  a  Mayflower,  as  did  his  forefathers 
of  old,  then  indeed  you  welcome  the  ideal  Pilgrim. 
To  be  allowed  to  share  in  such  an  historic  event  is  a 
privilege  which  the  members  of  the  New  England 
Society  appreciate,  and  we  congratulate  Province- 
town  and  the  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Associa- 
tion most  heartily  upon  this  gratifying  and  enduring 
result  of  their  patriotic  effort. 

Lieutenant-Governor  Frothingham,  having  been 
charged  by  his  Excellency  the  Governor  with  the 
task  of  speaking  for  the  Commonwealth,  next  ad- 
dressed the  assembly: 

REMARKS  OF  LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR 
FROTHINGHAM 

Provincetown  is  a  most  hospitable  place.  The  last 
time  I  came  here  and  tried  to  get  a  train  to  Boston  I 
found  it  had  been  taken  off,  so  I  had  to  remain  until 
the  next  day.  There  is  no  truer  sign  of  hospitality 
than  making  it  impossible  for  one  to  leave.  To-day 
you  refuse  to  let  me  go  before  speaking,  and  as  I 
learned  in  my  military  training  to  obey  orders,  I  re- 
spond to  your  wish  and  to  the  Governor's. 

This  is  indeed  a  notable  gathering.  When  an  occa- 
sion is  marked  by  the  presence  of  the  President  of 
the  United  States,  the  Governor  of  the  Common- 
wealth, the  senior   Senator  from  Massachusetts,   a 

252 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  a  Senator  from  Rhode 
Island,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  distinguished 
foreigners  and  navy  officers,  it  denotes  indeed  a  re- 
markable meeting. 

Too  great  importance  cannot  be  given  to  the  com- 
memoration of  an  event  which  founded  a  new  civil- 
ization. The  Pilgrim  settlers  were  no  mere  adven- 
turers. They  were  governed  by  firm  purpose,  not 
for  gain,  not  for  conquest,  but  for  the  establishment 
of  a  community  where  they  could  worship  God  ac- 
cording to  their  own  lights.  Though  merged  in  the 
Puritan,  they  gave  to  the  latter  traits  of  power  and 
dignity  and  gentleness  to  the  great  improvement  of 
the  Puritan.  The  Pilgrims  left  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land; the  Puritans  stayed  in  and  fought. 

As  I  sat  on  the  platform  this  morning,  I  won- 
dered what  the  Pilgrims  would  think  if  they  returned 
to-day  and  found  their  small  settlement  had  grown 
in  Massachusetts  alone  to  be  a  population  of  over 
three  million  people,  and  people  who  had  left  their 
mark  on  every  era  of  history.  What  would  be  their 
amazement  when  they  found  a  land  populated  by 
ninety  million  prosperous  people  living  under  a  free 
Government,  imbued  still  with  the  spirit  of  the  Pil- 
grims and  inhabiting  the  one  great  successful  Repub- 
lic on  the  face  of  the  earth.  What  would  be  their 
pride  were  they  here  to-day  to  see  a  President  of  the 
United  States  from  that  State  which  their  descend- 
ants, marching  under  the  lead  of  Rufus  Putnam  and 

253 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

the  Ohio  Company,  and  sailing  down  the  Ohio  in 
another  Mayflower  to  found  JNIarietta,  did  so  much 
to  colonize. 

They  would  see  along  the  route  that  they  them- 
selves followed  in  transporting  their  goods,  partly 
by  a  creek  and  partly  by  land  to  avoid  the  dangerous 
shoals  of  Cape  Cod,  a  huge  canal  being  constructed. 

They  would  see  here  to-day  a  second  Mayflower^ 
bearing  the  Chief  Executive  of  this  great  nation,  a 
man  imbued  with  their  spirit,  one  who,  endowed  with 
gentleness  and  sweetness,  at  the  same  time  has  shown 
his  ability  to  stand  firm  for  the  right. 

They  would  realize  that  what  they  had  braved  was 
remembered  and  appreciated,  that  we  revere  the  past 
and  know  that  no  nation  can  last  long  that  forgets 
what  it  owes  to  its  progenitors. 

Toastmaster  Hannum  next  introduced  the  Presi- 
dent, who  was  greeted  with  continued  applause. 

REMARKS    OF    PRESIDENT    TAFT 

I  believe  Governor  Draper  has  a  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor upon  whom  he  can  call  to  act  as  Governor.  I 
have  no  such  opportunity,  unless  it  is  like  life  insur- 
ance, where  you  have  to  die  to  win.  Therefore,  I 
cannot  give  you  the  variety  of  calling  upon  the  Vice 
President  to  make  a  speech. 

This  occasion  suggests  a  good  many  thoughts  to 

254 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

me.  I  had  the  honor  of  being  Secretary  of  War 
when  the  money  was  expended  which  assisted  in  erect- 
ing this  monument,  and  to  meet  many  army  engineers 
when  supervising  its  construction.  And  there  I  made 
the  very  pleasant  acquaintance  of  a  gentleman  whose 
part  cannot  be  exaggerated,  Captain  J.  Henry  Sears. 
There  was  a  question  running  through  my  mind  to- 
day when  I  looked  at  the  monument  and  saw  every- 
thing completed,  what  Captain  Sears  is  going  to  do 
after  his  occupation  is  gone. 

When  you  become  President  of  the  United  States, 
or  even  if  you  only  try  to,  you  find  out  many  things 
about  yourself  you  did  not  know  before,  and  I  am 
bound  to  say  that  most  of  them  you  prefer  not  to 
find  out.  There  is  one  exception  in  my  case.  I  found 
when  I  became  President  I  had  the  honor  to  be  de- 
scended from  one  of  those  who  came  over  in  the 
Mayflower.  You  may  think  that  shows  great  igno- 
rance and  blindness  to  possibilities  of  greatness,  but 
one  of  the  features  of  "  genealogicalicy  "  is  that  the 
disease  does  not  strike  you  until  you  get  pretty  well 
along  in  life,  and  as  I  have  not  attained  the  age  which 
inspires  you  to  look  up  your  ancestors,  I  had  sup- 
posed the  first  of  my  family  came  over  in  1679.  One 
traces  back  the  name  rather  than  the  people.  I  pre- 
sume a  man  is  as  much  descended  from  one  who  does 
not  bear  his  name  as  from  one  who  does,  if  both  are 
in  the  line  of  ancestry. 

I  want  to  congratulate  the  people  of  Provincetown 

255 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

and  the  people  of  the  cape  upon  this  very  satisfactory 
and  most  interesting  monument.  The  arrangements 
have  heen  most  complete.  Reference  has  been  made 
to  the  fact  that  we  came  on  the  Mayflower.  We  did. 
The  vessel  is  somewhat  different  in  size  and  comfort 
and,  I  might  say,  in  luxury  from  that  which  brought 
the  Pilgrims,  but  there  are  certain  stories  I  should 
like  to  deny.  We  have  no  special  bath  tubs  made  for 
any  executive  of  any  particular  size.  (Laughter.) 
I  don't  know  whether  they  had  bath  tubs  on  the  May- 
flower, Presumably  it  was  pretty  cold  for  a  bath 
when  they  arrived  in  these  waters.  It  is  particularly 
fitting  that  the  vessel  which  brought  the  Chief  Magis- 
trate of  the  nation  to  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone, 
as  well  as  the  vessel  which  brought  another  to  the 
dedication,  should  be  named  the  Mayflower.  It  did 
not  happen  from  any  particular  arrangement,  only 
that  the  vessel  was  the  most  suitable,  leaving  out  the 
question  of  bath  tubs.     (Laughter  and  applause.) 

As  the  President  was  forced  to  leave  at  the  con- 
clusion of  his  speech,  Toastmaster  Hannum  sug- 
gested that  the  exercises  be  concluded. 

The  citizens'  committee  of  arrangements,  to  whom 
the  success  of  the  dedication  was  greatly  due,  were: 

Chairman,  Artemas  P.  Hannum;  Secretary,  Myrick  C.  At- 
wood.  Finance — Raymond  A.  Hopkins,  J.  E.  Rich,  J.  W.  Small. 
Music— E.  W.  Smith,  W.  B.  Bangs,  S.  C.  Smith,  Grand 
Stand — R.  A.  Hopkins,  J.  Manta,  M.  P.  Campbell.     Catering — 

256 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

S.  C.  Smith,  Walter  Welsh,  T.  J.  Lewis,  C.  Austin  Cook,  F.  E. 
Hill,  Dr.  C.  P.  Curley.  Reception— A.  P.  Hannum,  W.  H. 
Young,  Moses  N.  Gifford.  Decorating — J.  D.  Adams,  C.  A. 
Foster,  J.  A.  Matheson.  Printing  and  Badges — H.  F.  Hopkins, 
J.  A,  Matheson,  W.  B.  Bangs.  Carriages — C.  P.  Curley,  J.  S. 
Silva,  T.  S.  Taylor.  INIarshals— Everett  I.  Nye,  J.  S.  Silva,  C.  A. 
Foster,  Joseph  Manta.  Invitations — J.  Henry  Sears,  Osborn 
Nickerson,  Moses  N.  Gifford,  C.  Austin  Cook,  Walter  Welsh; 
Secretary,  E.  J.  Carpenter.  Contributions — J.  W.  Small,  Ever- 
ett I.  Nye,  T.  S.  Taylor.  Transportation— Walter  Welsh,  W.  B. 
Bangs,  F.  E.  Hill.  Sanitary— Dr.  M.  P.  Campbell,  T.  J.  Lewis, 
J.  D.  Adams. 

The  festivities  attending  the  dedication  were  con- 
tinued by  a  grand  ball  in  the  Town  Hall  in  the  even- 
ing and  a  magnificent  illumination  in  the  harbor  and 
throughout  the  town.  In  the  harbor  the  ships  of  the 
Atlantic  fleet  and  the  fishing  and  the  pleasure  craft 
were  covered  with  lights.  Every  house  in  the  town 
blazed  with  light,  and  the  great  monument  itself  was 
decorated  throughout  its  entire  height  with  electric 
lights,  more  than  one  thousand  lamps  being  employed 
in  this  portion  of  the  illumination.  The  festivities 
were  continued  until  a  late  hour. 

Great  satisfaction  was  felt  by  all  that  no  fatality 
or  even  injury  to  any  workman  occurred  during  the 
progress  of  the  work.  A  strange  and  greatly  to  be 
regretted  accident  occurred,  however,  by  which  an 
aged  lady,  a  resident  of  the  town,  lost  her  life.  It 
has  been  explained  that  the  large  blocks  of  granite 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  monument  were  taken 
to  the  summit  of  the  hill  by  means  of  a  car  drawn 

257 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

over  temporary  rails  by  means  of  an  engine  at  the 
top.  On  the  fifth  day  of  August,  1908,  during  the 
progress  of  the  most  severe  thunder  shower  of  the 
season,  and  immediately  after  an  unusually  vivid 
flash  of  hghtning,  the  granite  car,  which  was  then 
standing  empty  and  unused  upon  the  level  space  on 
the  top  of  the  hill,  was  observed  to  be  moving  rap- 
idly toward  the  brow  of  the  hill.  It  was  at  once 
found  that  it  had  in  some  unexplained  manner,  but 
probably  through  the  medium  of  a  lightning  stroke, 
broken  loose  from  its  fastening.  It  was  useless  to 
attempt  to  check  its  progress,  and  in  an  instant  it 
was  rushing  down  the  steep  slope  of  the  hiU  with 
terrific  velocity.  At  the  foot  of  the  hill  had  been 
placed  a  heavy  structure  of  timbers,  well  braced,  in 
anticipation  of  the  possibility  of  such  an  event;  but 
the  impact  of  the  down-rushing  car  crushed  this  flat 
upon  the  ground,  and  the  car  bounded,  with  fearful 
force,  across  the  street  at  the  foot  of  the  hill.  Upon 
the  opposite  sidewalk  Mrs.  Rosilla  Bangs,  eighty- 
five  years  of  age,  was  at  that  instant  passing.  She 
heard  the  crash,  and  probably  saw  the  rush  of  the 
car  down  the  steep  grade,  but  she  was  paralyzed  with 
fear  and  clung  helplessly  to  the  palings  of  the  wooden 
fence.  Unfortunately,  she  was  directly  in  the  path 
of  the  car  and  was  instantly  killed.  This  fatality  was 
the  cause  of  much  regret  to  the  directors  of  the  asso- 
ciation and  to  all  the  town's  people. 
During  the  progress  of  the  movement  to  erect  the 

258 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

monument  three  of  its  chief  promoters  were  removed 
by  death  and  thus  failed  to  witness  the  consumma- 
tion of  the  project.  The  first  of  these  was  Hon. 
Roland  C.  Nickerson,  of  Brewster,  one  of  the  earli- 
est promoters  of  the  plan  of  erecting  the  monument 
and  one  of  its  first  directors.  Mr.  Nickerson  died 
June  9,  1906,  his  death  following  soon  after  the 
destruction  by  fire  of  his  large  and  beautiful  resi- 
dence. A  death  greatly  regretted,  as  of  one  whose 
active  cooperation  in  the  movement  for  the  erection 
of  the  monument  had  done  much  for  its  advance- 
ment, was  that  of  Captain  Lorenzo  D.  Baker,  of 
Wellfleet,  a  vice  president  and  a  director  of  the  asso- 
ciation and  a  member  of  the  building  committee. 
Captain  Baker  had,  from  the  outset,  shown  a  deep 
interest  in  the  plans  of  the  Memorial  Association, 
had  given  liberally  of  his  means,  and  had,  by  his 
advice  and  counsel,  imparted  to  the  movement  much 
of  the  same  energy  shown  by  him  in  the  establish- 
ment of  the  large  and  lucrative  banana  trade  with 
Jamaica  and  other  tropical  centers.  Captain  Baker 
died,  after  a  brief  illness,  on  the  twenty-first  of  June, 
1908.  But  a  short  time  before  the  completion  of 
the  arrangements  for  the  dedication  of  the  monu- 
ment the  members  of  the  association  were  surprised 
to  learn  of  the  death  of  the  Hon.  William  C.  Lov- 
ering,  of  Taunton,  one  of  its  vice  presidents.  Mr. 
Lovering  had  been  deeply  interested,  almost  from 
the  beginning,  in  the  plans  of  the  association,  and 

259 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

when  the  application  was  made  to  Congress  for  an 
appropriation  in  aid  of  the  building  fund,  he  it  was 
to  whom  the  applicants  looked  for  much  assistance 
and  encouragement.  It  was  undoubtedly  due  in  a 
large  measure  to  his  personal  efforts,  as  a  member 
of  the  House  of  Representatives,  that  the  measure 
at  last  became  a  law.  At  the  ceremony  of  the  lay- 
ing of  the  corner  stone  Mr.  Lovering  was  one  of  the 
speakers,  and  he  watched  the  progress  of  the  work 
with  the  greatest  interest.  His  death,  just  before  the 
completion  of  the  project,  was  much  regretted. 

During  the  winter  of  1909-10,  while  the  work- 
men were  engaged  in  the  work  upon  the  interior  of 
the  monument,  the  news  came,  suddenly  and  unex- 
pectedly, of  the  death  of  the  contractor,  Mr.  Patrick 
T.  Maguire,  of  Milton.  His  death  was  under  some- 
what tragic  circumstances,  though  not  in  any  way 
connected  with  his  contract  for  the  building  of  the 
monument.  A  slight  scratch  or  cut  upon  a  finger, 
which  at  first  caused  no  anxiety,  developed  into 
blood  poisoning,  and  before  even  his  illness  was 
known  to  many  of  his  friends,  a  fatal  result  occurred. 
Mr.  Maguire  was  a  man  of  the  most  agreeable  per- 
sonality, in  the  highest  degree  honorable,  and  to  his 
honesty  and  excellent  management  is  in  great  meas- 
ure due  the  substantial  quality  of  the  workmanship 
so  evident  in  the  structure  as  it  stands  completed. 

In  the  autumn  following  the  dedication  of  the 
monument  plans   were   drawn   for   a   lodge,   to   be 

260 


THE    DEDICATION    OF    THE    MONUMENT 

erected  on  the  hill,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  structure. 
This  was  to  be  used  for  the  preservation  of  pictures, 
furniture,  and  antiquities  illustrating  the  life  of  the 
people  of  the  age  in  which  the  Pilgrims  lived,  and 
incidents  in  their  history.  The  Pilgrim  Club,  of 
Brewster,  at  a  meeting  of  which  the  project  for  the 
erection  of  the  monument  had  received  the  impetus, 
which  had  resulted  in  the  realization  of  the  dream  of 
years,  disbanded  after  the  completion  of  the  struc- 
ture, and  a  collection  of  antiquities  in  its  possession 
had  been  presented  to  the  Monument  Association.  It 
was  necessary  that  some  place  should  be  provided  in 
which  to  house  these  articles,  and  a  room  for  meetings 
of  the  directors  was  much  needed.  The  lodge  was, 
therefore,  a  necessity.  The  plans  were  drawn  by  the 
consulting  architect  of  the  Association,  Mr.  Willard 
T.  Sears,  and  the  work  of  the  erection  of  the  building 
was  begun  during  the  autumn.  The  contractors  were 
E.  R.  Taylor  &  Co.,  of  Boston. 

The  lodge  was  completed  in  the  month  of  Decem- 
ber, 1910,  and  was  ready  for  occupancy.  It  is  a  tiny 
structure,  colonial  in  design,  built  wholly  of  concrete 
to  the  plates,  the  gables  being  of  wood,  unpainted, 
which  soon  assumes  a  tone  of  silvery  gray  in  the 
strong  salt  air  of  Cape  Cod.  The  windows  are 
colonial  in  their  conception,  with  diamond-shaped 
panes,  and  a  heavy  chimney,  built  against  the  western 
wall,  adds  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  structure.  The 
building  is  in  dimensions  about  twenty  by  twenty- 
is  261 


THE    PILGRIMS    AND    THEIR    MONUMENT 

five  feet,  not  a  massive  structure,  but  ample  for  the 
purposes  for  which  it  has  been  erected.  In  the  interior 
the  walls  show  a  concrete  finish,  with  a  floor  of  grano- 
lithic construction.  A  broad  fireplace  gives  an  orna- 
mental finish  to  the  whole,  and  completes  the  colonial 
effect.  Well-arranged  toilet  and  retiring  rooms  and 
an  office  in  one  corner  complete  the  plan  of  the  struc- 
ture. The  main  room  of  the  building  is  open  to  the 
roof,  and  the  heavy  roof-timbers  of  weathered  oak 
are  highly  ornamental,  giving  an  air  of  dignity  to  the 
whole.  The  building  is  judiciously  placed,  a  dense 
growth  of  trees  and  shrubs  upon  the  slope  of  the  hill, 
as  it  falls  away,  at  this  point,  forming  a  charming 
background.  The  beautiful  little  building  is  an  ex- 
cellent foil  to  the  massive  granite  structure  which 
towers  above  it.  It  is  the  hope  of  all  who  have 
watched  the  growth  of  this  grand  monument,  from 
its  inception  until  its  completion,  that  it  may  stand 
here  for  many  centuries,  to  commemorate  the  heroic 
faith  of  the  little  band  of  men  and  women  who  landed 
here,  and  here  founded  a  state,  whose  roots,  so  deep, 
have  tapped  the  fountains  of  eternal  truth  and 
justice. 


APPENDIX 


STATEMENT  OF  RECEIPTS  AND  EXPENDITURES  BY  DISBURSING 
OFFICER  OF  THE  COMMISSION  FOR  BUILDING  THE  CAPE 
COD  PILGRIM  MONUMENT  AT  PROVINCETOWN,  MASS. 


RECEIPTS 

From  United  States $40,000.00 

From  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association 46,650 .  00 

Interest 4,611 .65 

From  sale  of  scrap  hardware 2 .  39 

Total  receipts $91,264.04 


EXPENDITIIRES 

Inspection,  Engineering  and  Office  Expenses: 

Inspection,  including  services  and  travel- 
ing expenses  of  inspectors,  engineer  and 
caretaker $2,792.06 

Engineering,    including    services    of    en- 

^  gineer,  draftsmen,  testing  samples,  etc.  .      1,229 .  22 

Office,  including  clerical  services,  blue- 
printing, stationery,  postage,  telephone 
service,  etc 707.28   $4,728.56 


Construction  Expenses: 

Laying  comer-stone $129.52 

Foundation  of  monument 10,727 .  20 

Tower  of  monument 73,475.50    84,332.22 


Fittings: 

Lightning  rods $518.52 

Bronze  grills  for  windows 690 .  45 

Provision  for  electric  wiring 78 .  80 

Extension  of  ladder  in  tower 5 .  22 

Doors,  shutters,  etc 899.05     2,192.04 


Total  expenditures $91,252 .  82 

Balance  returned  to  Cape  Cod  Pilgrim  Memorial  Association II . 22 

$91,264.04 

265 


MEMBERS  OF  THE  CAPE  COD  PILGRIM 
MEMORIAL  ASSOCIATION 


Abbe,  Benjamin  B. 

Abbott,  Clara. 

Abbott,  Gordon. 

Abbott,  Major  L.  A.,  U.  S.  A. 

Abbott,  Mrs.  Maude  Lee. 

Aborn,  Hattie  E. 

Abott,  Alonzo  F. 

Adams,  Mrs.  C.  Ardelle. 

Adams,  Herbert  E. 

Adams,  James  H. 

Adams,  J.  D. 

Adams,  J.  D.,  Jr. 

Adams,  John. 

Adams,  John  Chapter. 

Adams,  Mary  Carver. 

Adams,  Marshall  Lawson. 

Adams,  Melvin. 

Adams,  M.  L. 

Adams,  Mrs.  Nellie  G. 

Adams,  William. 

Ahearn,  John  T. 

Albree,  Mrs.  Margaret. 

Alger,  Francis,  Jr. 

Alger,  Katherine  Keith. 

Allen,  D.  Louis. 

Allen,  Mrs.  Emily. 


Allen,  Mrs.  Eunice  T. 
Allen,  Francis  R. 
Allen,  George. 
Allen,  George  M. 
Allen,  Jere.  S. 
Allen,  Miss  Jessie  B. 
Allen,  W.  H. 
Allen,  Mrs.  W.  H. 
Allerton,  Mrs.  Agnes. 
Allerton,  Mary  Eva. 
Allerton,  Robert  H. 
Allerton,  Samuel  W. 
Allyne,  Miss  Edith  Winslow. 

Allyne,  Mrs.  John  Winslow. 

Allyne,  Miss  Lucy  H. 

Amerige,  George  M. 

Ames,  Mrs.  Asa. 

Anthony,  Mrs.  Clara  R. 

Antisdel,  Mrs.  A.  A. 

Appleton,  Miss  Gladys  H. 

Appleton,  Nathan. 

Appleton,  William  Sumner. 

Arkush,  Miss  D.  Sophie. 

Arnold,  Fabius  H. 

Arnold,  Mrs.  Fabius  H. 

Arnold,  Fabius  H.,  Jr. 

266 


APPENDIX 


Arrowsmith,  Richard. 
Aspinwall,  Johanna,  Chap 

A.  R. 
Asriance,  H.  B. 
Atkins,  Bertha  E. 
Atkins,  Capt.  B.  H.   (In 

moriam .) 
Atkins,  Charles  A. 
Atkins,  Edward. 
Atkins,  Mrs.  Edward. 
Atkins,  E.  F. 
Atkins,  Mrs.  Eliza  L. 
Atkins,  Mrs.  Francenia  R. 
Atkins,  Frank. 
Atkins,  James  E. 
Atkins,  Capt.  John. 
Atkins,  Mrs.  John. 
Atkins,  J.  N. 
Atkins,  Joseph  R. 
Atkins,  Mrs.  Joseph  R. 
Atkins,  Miss  Josephine  K. 
Atkins,  Miss  Mattie  J. 
Atkins,  Miss  Mayzie. 
Atkins,  Miss  Pauline  J. 
Atkins,  Robert  S. 
Atkins,  William  A. 
Attleboro,  Chap.  D.  A.  R. 
Atwood,  Capt.  E.  B. 
Atwood,  E.  S. 
Atwood,  George  B. 
Atwood,  George  E. 
Atwood,  George  E. 
Atwood,  James  F. 
Atwood,  John. 
Atwood,  Lizzie  P. 
Atwood,  Louise  R. 


Atwood,  Myrick  C. 
.  D.      Atwood,  Mrs.  Myrick  C. 

Atwood,  Nathaniel. 

Atwood,  Perez  S. 

Atwood,  Mrs.  Perez  S. 
Me-      Atwood,  Richard  A. 

Atwood,  Simeon. 

Atwood,  Simeon. 

Atwood,  W.  I. 

Atwood,  Mrs.  W.  I. 

Auer,  Gustave  S. 

Austin,  Miss  E.  A. 

Avery,  Samuel  P. 

Avery,  Mrs.  Samuel  P. 

Ayer,  Mrs.  Benjamin  T. 

Ayer,  Dr.  J.  B. 

Bacheller,  Mrs.  Maria  E. 
Bacheller,  Miss  Rea. 
Backer,  Alfred  S. 
Bacon,  Daniel. 
Bacon,  Daniel. 
Bacon,  Dr.  Gorham. 
Bacon,  Henry  C. 
Bacon,  Horace  S. 
Bacon,  W.  B. 
Bagley,  Edward  C.  R. 
Bailey,  Justis  D.,  Jr. 
Baker,  Abbott. 
Baker,  Albert  H. 
Baker,  Albert  S. 
Baker,  A.  R. 
Baker,  Austin  L. 
Baker,  Mrs.  Austin  L. 
Baker,  Bessie. 
Baker,  Clarence  E. 

267 


APPENDIX 


Baker,  Clark. 
Baker,  Dr.  Chester  M. 
Baker,  C.  M. 
Baker,  Earle  F. 
Baker,  Edith  Sumner. 
Baker,  Edwin. 
Baker,  E.  H. 
Baker,  E.  H. 
Baker,  Eleazer. 
Baker,  Mrs.  Fostine. 
Baker,  Henry  E. 
Baker,  Henry  H. 
Baker,  Herbert. 
Baker,  Mrs.  Herbert. 
Baker,  Herbert. 
Baker,  Capt.  J.  Eleazer. 
Baker,  J.  F. 
Baker,  J.  H. 
Baker,  J.  H. 
Barker,  J.  M. 
Baker,  J.  Murray. 
Baker,  Capt.  Joseph  G. 
Baker,  J.  T. 
Baker,  Mrs.  J.  T. 
Baker,  Miss  Laura. 
Baker,  Lawrence. 
Baker,  Leland  Dyer. 
Baker,  Leslie  C. 
Baker,  L.  D. 
Baker,  Lila  D. 
Baker,  Lorenzo  D.,  Jr. 
Baker,  Martha  A. 
Baker,  Mrs.  Mary  H. 
Baker,  M.  M. 
Baker,  Mrs.  Nettie. 
Baker,  Miss  Rena. 


Baker,  Mrs.  Ruth  A, 
Baker,  R.  R. 
Baker,  Miss  Susie  R. 
Baker,  T.  B. 
Baker,  Walter  D. 
Baker,  William  G. 
Bakewell,  Allen  C. 
Baldwin,  Charles  E. 
Baldwin,  William  A. 
Baldwin,  W.  H.,  Jr. 
Balkan,  S.  D. 
Ball,  Capt.  John. 
Ballou,  Alice  M. 
Ballou,  Barton  A. 
Ballou,  Charles  R. 
Ballou,  Frederick  A. 
Ballou,  Mary  R. 
Bancroft,  William  A. 
Banforth,  Laura  B.  Shepard. 
Bangs,  Miss  Albatross. 
Bangs,  Mary  R. 
Bangs,  Miss  Martha  W. 
Bangs,  Williani  B. 
Bannister,  Charles  F. 
Bannister,  Emina  C. 
Barker,  Capt.  Isaiah. 
Barnard,  Darwin. 
Barnes,  Mrs.  Joseph. 
Barnes,  Charles  B. 
Barnes,  Rev.  L.  G. 
Barnes,  Stephen  M. 
Barnett,  Frank  Howard. 
Barnum,  Mrs.  Emma  Paine. 
Barron,  Joseph  P. 
Bartow,  Capt.  C.  H. 
Bartow,  Mabel  S. 

268 


APPENDIX 


Bartlett,    Mrs.    Abbey    Hitch- 
cock, 
Bartlett,  Mrs.  J.  B. 
Bartlett,  William  H. 
Bartlett,  W.  H. 
Bassett,  Caroline  E. 
Bassett,  C.  C. 
Bassett,  Charles  R. 
Bassett,  Eliza  F. 
Bassett,  G.  L. 
Bassett,  Greenleaf. 
Bassett,  Hersilia  B. 
Bassett,  Horace  G. 
Bassett,  Ira  B. 
Bassett,  Marcus  Gorham. 
Bassett,  Roger  M. 
Bassett,  Thebe  S. 
Batchelder,  Mrs.  Lillia  A. 
Batchelder,  Robert. 
Bates,  Mrs.  Arvilla  F. 
Bates,  Hon.  John  L. 
Baxter,  E.  A. 
Baxter,  Edwin. 
Baxter,  James  E. 
Baxter,  John  R. 
Baxter,  Miss  Louise  D. 
Baxter,  Miss  Nellie  B. 
Baylies,  William. 
Beal,  Boylston. 
Beale,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  C. 
Beals,  C.  W. 
Beals,  Mrs.  C.  W. 
Beard,  Jeremiah  Robinson,  Jr. 
Bearse,  Alma. 
Bearse,  A.  L. 
Bearse,  Horace  L. 


Bearse,  Mrs.  Horace  L. 

Bearse,  Horace  L. 

Bearse,  John  C. 

Bearse,  Lillah  C. 

Bearse,  Manchester  E. 

Bearse,  Maria  L. 

Bearse,  Owen. 

Bearse,  Mrs.  Owen. 

Bearse,  Owen,  Jr. 

Bearse,  Percy  A. 

Bearse,  Sylvester. 

Bearse,  Vernon  B. 

Beattie,  John. 

Beattie,  Mrs.  John. 

Beaty,  George  A. 

Belcher,  Mrs.  Henry  A. 

Belcher,  Miss  Sarah  C. 

Bennett,  Dr.  Thomas  L. 

Bentley,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  King. 

Berge,  D.  L. 

Berry,  E.  G. 

Berry,  H.  C. 

Berry,  Capt.  Horace  N. 

Berry,  Osmyn. 

Berry,  Mrs.  Osmyn. 

Besse,  Dr.  Frank  A. 

Betts,  A.  E. 

Bigelow,  Elmira  J. 

Bigney,  S.  O. 

Birge,  Dr.  Ella  F. 

Birge,  Dr.  W.  S. 

Bker,  Mrs.  Elizabeth 

Black,  E.  Charlton 

Blackstone,  Mrs.  T.  B. 

Blackwood,  A.  A. 

Blaine,  James  G. 


269 


APPENDIX 


Blaisdell,  Dr.  A.  F. 
Blake,  J.  Henry. 
Blanchnrd,  Rev,  Henry  M. 
Blatchford,  liarbara. 
Blatchford,  Charles  Lord. 
Blatehford,   Dorothy   Lord. 
Blatchford,  E.  Lawrence. 
Blatchford,  John. 
Blatchford,  Mrs.  Mary. 
Blasland,  Mrs.  Ruth  G. 
Blasland,  S.  A. 
Bloomer,  George  W. 
Bloomer,  Francisco. 
Bodman,  Mrs.  Grace  H. 
Boggs,  Miss  Myra  M. 
Bolles,  Mrs.  Abby  Crosby. 
Boorman,  Mrs.  Thomas  Hugh. 
Bosworth,  Homer  L. 
Bourne,  E.  H. 
Bowes,  W.  F. 
Bowley,  George  W. 
Bowley,  Miss  Rebecca  E. 
Bowman,  George  Ernest 
Bowne,  B.  P. 
Boyce,  H.  P. 

Boynton,  Mrs.  Annie  Freeman. 
Boynton,  E.  P. 
Bradee,  Mae. 
Bradford,  Emilie  F. 
Bradford,  Gov.  School,  Grade  5. 
Bradford,  Herbert  C. 
Bradford,  N.  Alfonso. 
Bradford,  Noah. 
Bradley,  Rev.  Asa  M. 
Bradley,  Rev.  C.  A. 
Bradshaw,  Carl. 


Brainard,  E.  H. 
Bramhall,  Otis  H. 
Bray,  Isaiah. 
Bray,  Mary  M. 
Brayton,  Antoinette  P. 
Breck,  Joseph  &  Sons. 
Bremer,  S.  Parker. 
Brewster,  Rev.  C.  A. 
Brewster,  N.  L. 
Brewster,  Miss  Phebe  H. 
Brewster,  Series  Whist  Parties. 
Brewster,  Town  of. 
Bridge,  Mrs.  Charles. 
Brier,  Anthony  F. 
Brier,  Mrs.  Anthony  F. 
Briggs,  Frank  H. 
Briggs,  James. 
Brigham,  Horace  E. 
Brigham,  Mrs.  Horace  E. 
Brigham,  Miss  Lucy  F. 
Brooks,  James  C. 
Brooks,  Lillian  N. 
Brooks,  Mrs.  Mary  B. 
Brooks,  Newell  C. 
Brooks,  William  B, 
Brown,  Albert  H. 
Brown,  Alfred. 
Brown,  Anthony  S. 
Brown,  Bessie  J. 
Brown,   Mrs.   Catherine  Eliza- 
beth Seymour. 
Brown,  Miss  Ella  W. 
Brown,  Emily  M. 
Brown,  Frank  E. 
Brown,  H.  G. 
Brown,  Joshua  A. 


270 


APPENDIX 


Brown,  Mrs.  Joshua  A. 
Brown,  M.  E. 
Brown,  Mary  E. 
Brown,  Reuben  J. 
Brown,  R.  F. 
Brown,  Mrs.  R.  F. 
Brown,  Roy  F. 
Brown,  W.  Harvey. 
Bryant,  Gushing. 
Bryant,  Mrs.  Florence  E. 
Bryant,  John  D. 
Bryant,  Miss  Julia  S. 
Bryant,  Nathaniel. 
Buckley,  Nora  G. 
Buckley,  Thomas  G. 
Buell,  E.  G. 
Buell,  Marcus  D. 
Buffington,  E.  A. 
Bullivant,  William  M. 
Bullock,  A.  G. 
Bunker,  Alfred. 
Bunker  Hill  Chap.  D.  A.  R. 
Bunnell,  William  Brewster. 
Burch,  Arthur  H. 
Burchard,  Anson  W. 
Burdett,    Mrs.    Cynthia    Free- 
man. 
Burgess,  Edgebert  F. 
Burgess,  F.  E. 
Burgess,  Mrs.  H.  R. 
Burgess,  James  L. 
Burke,  Mrs.  Ada  L. 
Burke,  James  M. 
Burkett,  Charles  W. 
Burkett,  John  A. 
Burkett,  William  T. 


Burlingame,  Mrs.  Emma  A. 
Burnell,  Rev.  W.  P. 
Burnes,  T.  E. 
Burnett,  Robert  N. 
Burrill,  Miss  H.  M. 
Bursley,  Miss  Annie  E. 
Bursley,  Charles  A. 
Bursley,  G.  E. 
Bursley,  Gilbert  E. 
Bursley,  Hattie  F. 
Burt,  E.  C. 
Burt,  M.  W. 
Burt,  N.  J. 
Burt,  Miss  Ruth. 
Burt,  Sarah  H. 
Burt,  Miss  Sarah  L. 
Burton,  Waldo. 
Burton,  Mrs.  Waldo. 
Bush,  Rev.  R.  P. 
Bushnell,  Joseph. 
Butterworth,  Mrs.  William. 

Cabot,  Dr.  A.  T. 
Cahoon,  Alonzo. 
Cahoon,  Alonzo  F. 
Cahoon,  Arthur  F. 
Cahoon,  Clement  A. 
Cahoon,  William  F. 
Calkins,  Mrs.  C.  H. 
Callaghan,  J.  E. 
Campbell,  Clarence. 
Campbell,  Collen  C. 
Campbell,  George  H. 
Campbell,  Mrs.  George  H. 
Campbell,  Mrs.  James. 
Campbell,  Philip  M. 


271 


APPENDIX 


Campbell,  Mrs.  W.  R. 
Candage,  Ella  Maria. 
Candage,  Rufus  G.  F. 
Canedy,  Dr.  Fred  S. 
Cannon,  Loton  J. 
Cape     Cod     (Strawer),    Capt 

Hart. 
Caproni,  P.  P. 
Cardinal,  Hormisdas  J. 
Cardinal,  Marie  J. 
Cardwell,  Mabel  A. 
Carley,  Mrs.  Adeline  L. 
Carnegie,  Andrew. 
Carpenter,  Edmund  J. 
Carpenter,  George  M. 
Carpenter,  Mrs.  George  O. 
Carpenter,  Mrs.  Phillip. 
Carroll,  C.  P. 
Carroll,  James  B. 
Case,  Willis  L. 
Cash,  George  H. 
Cash,  Miss  Sarah  E. 
Cass,  Arthur  T. 
Cavanagh,  Miss  Mary. 
Cavanagh,  Capt.  M.  J. 
Cavanagh,  Miss  Sara. 
Chalker,  Master  Geo.  Abram  T 
Chamberlayne,  Charles  F. 
Chamberlayne,  C.  L. 
Chamberlin,  J.  F. 
Chambers,  Mrs.  John  M. 
Chandler,  Mrs.  Lucy. 
Chaplaes,  W.  M. 
Chapman,  Amos. 
Chapman,  Amos  A. 
Chapman,  Mrs.  Augusta  W. 


Chapman,  John  W. 

Chapman,  John  W. 

Chapman,  M.   B. 

Chapman,  Miss  Mary  K. 

Chase,  Allen  J. 

Chase,  Mrs.  Allen  J. 

Chase,  Caleb. 

Chase,  Mrs.  Caleb. 

Chase,  Caleb. 

Chase,  Mrs.  Caleb. 

Chase,  Charles  G. 

Chase,  Cleone  B. 

Chase,  Edward  L. 

Chase,  Edward  L. 

Chase,  Edward  L.,  Jr. 

Chase,  Erastus. 

Chase,  Ernest  Abbott. 

Chase,  Frank. 

Chase,  Gladys. 

Chase,  Heman  F. 

Chase,  H.  M. 

Chase,  Mrs.  Laura  P. 

Chase,  Sidney. 

Chase,  Sidney  C. 

Chatham,  Town  of. 

Chatham,  Town  of. 

Chaulker,  Mrs.  Frank  M. 

Cheney,  Mrs.  B.  P.,  Sr. 

Cheney,  Rev,  Charles  Edward 

Chew,  L.  D. 

Childs,  S.  A. 

Chipman,  Mrs.  Fannie  H. 

Chipman,  George. 

Chipman,  Henry  T. 

Chipman,  Lucille  H. 

Chipman,  Marcus  M. 

272 


APPENDIX 


Chipman,  Russell  A. 
Chipman,  Ruth  E, 
Chow,  Frank. 
Christopher,  Harry  H. 
Church,  Centenary  M.  E. 
Church,  Center  M.  E. 
Church,  1st  Congregational. 
Church,  1st  Unitarian. 
Church,  1st  Universalist. 
Church,  M.  E. 
Church  Of  Our  Father. 
Church,  Wesley  M.  E. 
Church,  William  P. 
Churchill,  Mrs.  Florence. 
Churchill,     John     Maitland 

Brewer. 
Cisco,  Mrs.  J.  J. 
Clapp,  Arthur  W. 
Clapp,  Dr.  H.  C. 
Clark,  Albe  C. 
Clark,  Darius. 
Clark,  George  A. 
Clark,  Homer  P. 
Clark,  John  A. 
Clark,  John  H. 
Clark,  Mrs.  John  H. 
Clarridge,  George  F. 
Clough,  Charles  Rich. 
Clough,  Harriet  K. 
Club,  The  S.  P.  S.  S.  D. 
Clum,  A.  B. 
Clum,  Mrs.  A.  B. 
Clum,  Miss  Bessie  Webb. 
Cobb,  A.  W. 
Cobb,  Clifton  A. 
Cobb,  Miss  Cora  Stanwood. 


Cobb,  Darius. 
Cobb,  Edith  H. 
Cobb,  Frederick  W. 
Cobb,  Mrs.  Laura. 
Cobb,  Lillie  Alden. 
Cobb,  Miss  Mary  L. 
Cobb,  Percival  B. 
Cobb,  Stanwood. 
Cobb,  William  W. 
Cochrane,  Mrs.  A. 
Codman,  Charles  R. 
Codman,  Charles  R; 
Coffin,  Anna  L. 
Coffin,  Mary  Hale. 
Cogswell,  J.  D. 
Coit,  J.  B. 
Colby,  Mrs.  B.  L. 
Cole,  B.  S. 
Cole,  Daniel. 
Cole,  E.  H. 
Cole,  WUber  S. 
Coleman,  Lizzie  E. 
Collar,  Herbert  C. 
Collier,  Harry. 
Collins,  Charles  A. 
Collins,  Mrs.  Jonathan. 
Collins,  Patrick  H. 
Collins,  Mrs.  Rebecca  Crosby. 
Collins,  Sarah  D. 
Collins,  William  H. 
Collins,  Mrs.  William  H. 
Colonial  Dames  of  America. 
Colonial    Dames,    The    Society 
of,  Mrs.  H.  S.  Robbins,  Pres. 
Condodine,  Thomas  P. 
Cone,  Robert  B. 


273 


APPENDIX 


Conncry,  D. 
Connor,  Walter. 
Consodine,  John. 
Consodine,  John  A. 
Consodine,  Mrs.  Thomas  P. 
Conwell,  A.  Frank. 
Conwell,  R.  E. 
Conwell,  R.  Eugene. 
Conwell,  Mrs.  Ruth  S. 
Conwell,  Walter  L. 
Cook,  Bertha  W. 
Cook,  C.  Austin. 
Cook,  Mrs.  C.  Austin. 
Cook,  Carrie  Knowles. 
Cook,  Charlotte  A. 
Cook,  Clara  H. 
Cook,  Mrs.  Effie  L. 
Cook,  Eliza. 
Cook,  Miss  Eliza  A. 
Cook,  Mrs.  Eliza  W. 
Cook,  Miss  Emma  W. 
Cook,  E.  P. 
Cook,  Ephraim  N. 
Cook,  Frank  F. 
Cook,  Fred  F. 
Cook,  George  B. 
Cook,  George  M. 
Cook,  Georgia  Knowles. 
Cook,  Mrs.  Hannah  C. 
Cook,  Harvey  D. 
Cook,  Heman  S. 
Cook,  Henry  S. 
Cook,  Irving  W. 
Cook,  John  A. 
Cook,  Capt.  John  A. 
Cook,  J.  W. 


Cook,  Joshua. 

Cook,  Lemuel  P. 

Cook,  Leon  W. 

Cook,  Leroy  J. 

Cook,  Lottie  N. 

Cook,  Lowell  M. 

Cook,  Lydia  A. 

Cook,  Miss  Mable  F. 

Cook,  Miss  Miriam  H. 

Cook,  Reba  C. 

Cook,  Mrs.  Rosetta  L. 

Cook,  Viola  D. 

Cook,  William  W. 

Cooke,  A.  N. 

Coolidge,  Albert  Sprague. 

Coolidge,  Dr.  Frederic  S. 

Coolidge,  Mrs.  Frederic  S. 

Coolidge,  T.  Jefferson. 

Coonley,  Mrs.  Leslie  Walker. 

Corbin,  C.  C. 

Cordis,  C.  F.  E. 

Corea,  Francis  J. 

Corea,  Francis  J.,  Jr. 

Corea,  Frank  J.,  Jr. 

Corea,  John  Elver. 

Corey,  Alice  F. 

Corey,  Edwin  H.,  Jr. 

Corey,  Ella  J. 

Corey,  M.  F. 

Corey,  R.  B. 

Cornish,  John  B. 

Corrigan,  Mrs.  Bridget. 

Costa,  Manuel. 

Cotter,  John. 

Cotting,  Lou  T. 

Cottle,  Godfrey  M. 


274 


APPENDIX 


Couchien,  Mrs.  Welcome  A. 
Cousens,  Horace  S. 
Cousens,  Horace  S. 
CoveU,  N.  W. 
Cowen,  Irving. 
Cowing^  Miss  Carrie  A. 
Cox,  J.  D. 

Cox,  Mrs.  William  E. 
Coy,  Alonzo. 
Coy,  Mrs.  Lydia  R. 
Craig,  Dr.  Daniel  H. 
Craig,  Mrs.  Daniel  H. 
Craig,  David  Van  Campen. 
Crandall,  Mrs.  Alice  Gertrude. 
Crandon,  Frank  P. 
Crandon,  Miss  Ruth  W. 
Crane,  Winthrop  Murray. 
Crapo,  Hon.  W.  W. 
Crawford,  Mrs.  Edith  S. 
Crawford,  Rev.  Sidney. 
Crocker,  Alice. 
Crocker,  Alfred. 
Crocker,  Alfred,  Jr. 
Crocker,  Augustus  H. 
Crocker,  Aurin  B. 
Crocker,  Miss  Avice  W. 
Crocker,  B.  F. 
Crocker,  B.  T. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  B.  T. 
Crocker,  Charles  C. 
Crocker,  Charles  F. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  Charles  W. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  Clara  D. 
Crocker,  David. 
Crocker,  E.  S. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  E.  S. 


Crocker,  Mrs.  Elisha. 
Crocker,  Eliza  A. 
Crocker,  Eloise  H. 
Crocker,  Frances  S. 
Crocker,  Frank  B. 
Crocker,  Franklin. 
Crocker,  George  E. 
Crocker,  George  F. 
Crocker,  Grace  G. 
Crocker,  Hannah  P. 
Crocker,  Rev.  Henry. 
Crocker,  J,  Franklin,  Jr. 
Crocker,  James  H. 
Crocker,  John  F. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  John  F. 
Crocker,  Dr.  John  M. 
Crocker,  Dr.  John  M. 
Crocker,  Henry. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  Julia  G. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  Katherine  H. 
Crocker,  Louis  A. 
Crocker,  Miss  Mary  E. 
Crocker,  Mary  R. 
Crocker,  Mary  R. 
Crocker,  Matthias  E. 
Crocker,  Miss  Melissa  J. 
Crocker,  Nymphas  P. 
Crocker,  Ruth  H. 
Crocker,  R.  W. 
Crocker,  Mrs.  Sarah  S. 
Crocker,  Thomas  W. 
Crocker,  Watson  B. 
Crocker,  William  H. 
Crocker,  Winthrop  N. 
Croll,  Mrs.  Sarah  N. 
Cromack,  Mrs.  Jennie  H. 


275 


APPENDIX 


Crompton,  Miriam  S. 
Crocker,  Benjamin  T, 
Croplcy,  Ralph  Edward. 
Cropley,  Mrs.  Sarah  D.  L. 
Crosby,  A.  R. 
Crosby,  Aaron  S. 
Crosby,  Mrs.  Aaron  S. 
Crosby,  Mrs.  Abigail  F. 
Crosby,  Mrs.  Addie  C. 
Crosby,  Albert. 
Crosby,  Mrs.  Albert. 
Crosby,  Benjamin  B. 
Crosby,  Mrs.  Benjamin  B. 
Crosby,  Freeman  M. 
Crosby,  Freeman  M. 
Crosby,  Mrs.  Freeman  M. 
Crosby,  Mrs.  Georgiana  M. 
Crosby,  Hatsel  Keith. 
Crosby,  Henry  T. 
Crosby,  Herbert  F. 
Crosby,  Joshua  William. 
Crosby,  Miss  Laura  H. 
Crosby,  Louisa  S. 
Crosby,  Miss  Lydia  Snow. 
Crosby,  Mary  C.  Winslow. 
Crosby,  May  W. 
Crosby,  S.  Addie. 
Crosby,  Tully. 
Crosby,  U.  H. 
Crosby,  William  Lewis. 
Crowell,  Albert  H. 
Crowell,  Alice  M. 
Crowell,  C.  C. 
Crowell,  E.  K. 
Crowell,  Elkanah. 
Crowell,  Etta  H. 


Crowell,  Frank  W. 
Crowell,  Miss  Gertrude. 
Crowell,  Gustavus  V. 
Crowell,  Mrs.  Gustavus  V. 
Crowell,  Hannah  H. 
Crowell,  Isaiah. 
Crowell,  Isaiah  H. 
Crowell,  Joseph. 
Crowell,  Joseph. 
Crowell,  Joshua  S. 
Crowell,  Julius  E. 
Crowell,  Mrs.  L.  M. 
Crowell,  Lincoln. 
Crowell,  Mrs.  Louis  A. 
Crowell,  Luther  C. 
Crowell,  Mrs.  Lydia  F. 
Crowell,  Mrs.  Mary  H. 
Crowell,  Miss  Minerva  E. 
Crowell,  Orestes  Eaton. 
Crowell,  Capt.  P.  H. 
Crowell,  Prince  M. 
Crowell,  Mrs.  Prince  M. 
Crowell,  Samtiel. 
Crowell,  Capt.  Sturgis. 
Crowell,  Susan. 
Crowell,  Mrs.  Susan  J. 
Crowell,  William. 
Crowell,  William,  Jr. 
Crowell,  William  H. 
Crowley,  Daniel  L. 
Crowley,  Joseph. 
Crowninshield,  B.  B. 
Crowther,  William. 
Cummings,  Eben  L: 
Cummings,  Frank  C. 
Cummings,  George. 

276 


APPENDIX 


Cummings,  Mrs.  Helen  C. 
Cummings,  Henry  K. 
Cummings,  Dr.  I.  O. 
Cummings,  Mrs.  I.  O. 
Cummings,  Joseph  H. 
Cummings,  Mrs.  Theresa  A. 
Cunningham,  Theodore  B. 
Curran,  James. 
Curran,  W.  P. 
Curren,  Mrs.  Mary  G. 
Curren,  Capt.  William. 
Curtis,  Dr.  Frederic  C. 
Curtis,  Mrs.  Frederic  C. 
Curtiss,  Robert  K. 
Cushman,  A.  W. 
Cushman,  Charles  A. 
Cushman,  Clementine  Alkerton 
Cushman,  Mrs.  Minnie  S. 
Cutler,  Edward  H. 
Cutler,  Mrs.  Edward  H. 

Dailey,  R.  B. 
Dane,  Charles  R. 
Danforth,  Allen. 
Daniels,  M.  I. 
Daniels,  Mrs.  William  Y. 
Danon,  Miss  Sarah  R. 
Dary,  George  A. 
Davenport,  Kate  W. 
Davenport,  S.  A. 
Davies,  Miss  Olwen. 
Davis,  Mrs.  Caroline  May. 
Davis,  David. 
Davis,  Everett  B. 
Davis,  F.  C. 
Davis,  George  F. 
19 


Davis,  Henry  Brooks. 

Davis,  James  C. 

Davis,  J.  H. 

Davis,  John  H. 

Davis,  Lucy  W. 

Davis,  M.  J. 

Davis,  Mrs.  M.  J. 

Davis,  M.  L.(Mrs.  Edward  L.)'. 

Davis,  Dr.  Samuel  T. 

Davis,  Mrs.  Samuel  T. 

Davis,  William  J. 

Davis,  W.  R. 

Dawes,  Rev.  Thomas. 

Day,  Mrs.  Albert. 

Day,  Benjamin. 

Day,  Miss  Helen  L. 

Day,  Mrs.  Mary  H. 

Day,  Thomas  C. 

Day,  Thomas  C. 

Day,  Thomas  C,  Jr. 

Day,  William  E. 

Dearborn,  Mrs.  Emily  T. 

Dearborn,  Henry  P. 

Dearborn,  J.  Harvey. 

Dearborn,  Jonathan  P. 

Dearborn,  Lizzie  E. 

De  Cost,  Norman  J. 

DeCosta,  Rev.  B,  T. 

Deerr,  Mrs.  Charles. 

Delano,  Ellen  V. 

Delano,  James. 

DeLory,  Lizzie. 

DeLory,  W.  A. 

Dennis,  Dr.  Frederick  S. 

Dennis,  Town  of. 

DeNormandie,  Rev.  James. 

277 


APPENDIX 


Densmore  &  BeClear. 
Dering,  Grace  M. 
DeWagcr,  E.  A. 
Dietreck,  Ellen  Batelle. 
Dill,  Joshua  Martin. 
Dill,  Mrs.  Susie  W. 
Disosway,  Miss  Sarah  Louise. 
Dix,  Elizabeth  C.  Hopkins. 
Doane,  Abealine  E. 
Doane,  A.  N. 
Doane,  Capt.  Charles  W. 
Doane,  Mrs.  Charles  W. 
Doane,  Chilion  F.     (In  Memo- 

riam,  Kies  Doane.) 
Doane,  Corren. 
Doane,  Dr.  George  W. 
Doane,  Isaac  I. 
Doane,  Mrs.  Mary  Freeman. 
Doane,  Miriam  D. 
Doane,  Norine  Horton. 
Doane,  Oliver. 
Doane,  Mrs.  Sarah  N, 
Doane,  Valentine. 
Doane,  Mrs.  Zilpha  J. 
Dodge,  Gen.  C,  C. 
Dodge,  Cleveland  H. 
Dodge,  Mrs.  Helen  M. 
Doeble,  Charles  F. 
Dolan,  Miss  Anna  M. 
Dolan,  Helen  L. 
Donaghe,  Mrs.  Susan  Boylston. 
Donald,  William  A. 
Douglas,  Hon.  William  L. 
Dowling,  Miss  Edith. 
Dowling,  Miss  Wilhelmine. 
Downs,  Myron  Day. 


Draper,  Hon.  Eben  S. 
Draper,  George  A. 
Drew,  Joseph  W. 
Dring,  Miss  Caroline  Augusta. 
Drisko,  Frederick  D. 
Drum,  John  H. 
Dudley,  Elbridge  G. 
Dunbar,  Frank  Irvine. 
Dunbar,  Lillian  Crosby. 
Dimham,  Charles  A. 
Dunham,  Edith  L. 
Dunham,  George  L. 
Dunham,  Capt.  John. 
Dunham,  Mrs.  Maggie. 
Dunham,  William  B. 
Dunlap,  Frank  P. 
Dunn,  Edward  H. 
Dushane,    Mrs.    Jennie    Chip- 
man. 
Dyer,  Benjamin  F. 
Dyer,  B.  H. 
Dyer,  E.  A. 
Dyer,  G.  H.   , 
Dyer,  Isaac  A. 
Dyer,  Mrs.  Isaac  A. 
Dyer,  John  B. 
Dyer,  Joseph  H. 
Dyer,  Rear  Admiral  N.  M. 

Eastham,  Town  of. 
Eastman,  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Eastman,  W.  L. 
Eaton,  Dr.  P.  J. 
Eddy,  Florence  S. 
Edson,  Albert  F. 
Edson,  Edward. 


278 


APPENDIX 


Edwards,  J.  P. 

Elder,  Mrs.  Salome  G. 

Elder,  William  A. 

Eldredgc,  Abner. 

Eldredge,  Abner  L. 

Eldredge,  Dr.  B.  D. 

Eldredge,  Christopher  C. 

Eldredge,  Elnathan  E. 

Eldredge,  Miss  Eugenie. 

Eldredge,  Heman  Fisher. 

Eldredge,  Judah  N. 

Eldredge,  L.  W.  D. 

Eldredge,  Mrs.  Sadie. 

Eldredge,  Sylvanus  L. 

Eldredge,  William  P. 

Eldredge,  Zoeth  S. 

Eldridge,  Edric. 

Eldridge,  Edric. 

Eldridge,  George  W. 

Eldridge,  Mrs.  Harriet  Han- 
cock. 

Eldridge,  J.  Emery. 

Eldridge,  Mrs.  J.  Emery. 

Eldridge,  Oliver  E. 

Eldridge,  Mrs.  Sarah. 

Eldridge,  Stanley  H. 

Eldridge,  Washington. 

Eldridge,  William  H. 

Eliot,  Charles  W.,  President 
Emeritus,   Harvard   College. 


Ell 
Ell 
Ell 
Ell 
Ell 
EU 


:ngton,  Susan  S. 
ngton,  Mrs.  Susan  S. 
iott,  Dr.  R.  D. 

Benjamin. 

Benjamin, 
is,  Catherine  Josephine. 


Ellis,  Mrs.  Freeman  T. 

Ellis,  Gilbert. 

Ellis,  Henry  W. 

Ellis,  Hudson. 

Ellis,  James  R. 

Ellis,  Joseph  P. 

Ellis,  Mrs.  Lott  G. 

Ellis,  Miss  Mary  Elizabeth. 

Ellison,  H.  W. 

Ellison,  William  P. 

Elwell,  Abbie  M.  Nickerson. 

Elwell,  Florence  Ross. 

Elwell,  James  Henry. 

Elwell,  Levi  Henry. 

Elwell,  Marion  Freeman. 

Emerson,  Mrs.  Adeline  Talcott. 

Emerson,  Mrs.  Annie  B. 

Emerson,  Mrs.  Mary  M.  P. 

Emerson,  Mrs.  Ralph. 

Emery,  Miss. 

Emery,  Daniel  S. 

Emery,  Mrs.  Emma  W. 

Emery,  James. 

Emery,  Mrs.  James. 

Emmons,  N.  H. 

Estes,  Everett  L. 

Fanueil  Hall  Chapter,  D.A.R., 
Mrs.  Emily  Brooks  Brown, 
Treas. 

Faunce,  W.  T. 

Favill,  Mrs.  Henry  B. 

Felt,  Charles  W. 

Fessenden,  Benjamin  F. 

Fessenden,  Mrs.  Benjamin  F. 

Field,  E.  E. 


279 


APPENDIX 


Field,  Marsliall. 

Fielding,  Mrs.  Rebecca  C. 

Fielding,  Warren. 

Finnerty,  D.  G. 

Fish,  B.  E. 

Fish,   Priscilla  Atwood. 

Fish,  William  E. 

Fislier,  A.  C. 

Fisher,  Rev.  Caleb  E. 

Fisher,    Capt.    Isaac    G. 

Memoriam.) 
Fisher,  Capt.  Joseph. 
Fisher,  Mrs.  Julia  D. 
Fisher,  Mrs.  Mary  S. 
Fisher,  Mrs.  William. 
Fiske,  Uriah  B. 
Fitzgerald,  John  F. 
Flanagan,  Charles  O. 
Flavell,  W.  B. 
Flower,  Mrs.  Roswell  P. 
Ford,  Miss  Eliza  M. 
Foss,  L.  R. 
Foster,  Agnes  W. 
Foster,  Mrs.  Anna  F. 
Foster,  Charles  A. 
Foster,  Emma  F. 
Foster,  E.  W. 
Foster,  George  T. 
Foster,  Henry  M. 
Foster,  Herbert  F. 
Foster,  Herbert  F. 
Foster,  Mrs.  Herbert  F. 
Foster,  Lewis  H. 
Foster,  Mrs.  Matilda  H. 
Foster,  Miss  Sally  N.  C. 
Foster,  Seward. 


Foster,  Wallace  F. 
Frances,  Carrie  B.  B. 
Francis,  Antone. 
Francis,  Joseph. 
Franham,  Dr.  LeRoy  Dwight. 
Franklin  Club. 
Frederick,  Lucy  A. 
Freeman,  Augustus  M. 
Freeman,  Miss  Bessie  D. 
(In      Freeman,  C.  A. 

Freeman,  Faustina. 
Freeman,  F.  M. 
Freeman,  Frederic  W. 
Freeman,  George. 
Freeman,  Mrs.  George. 
Freeman,  George  W. 
Freeman,  Miss  Harriet  E. 
Freeman,  Horace  A. 
Freeman,  Judge  H.  V. 
Freeman,  Miss  Jennie  Y. 
Freeman,  Mrs.  John. 
Freeman,  Capt.  John  E. 
Freeman,  John  H. 
Freeman,  John  Murray. 
Freeman,  Mary  E. 
Freeman,  M.  D. 
Freeman,  N.  D. 
Freeman,  Prince  I. 
Freeman,  R.  R. 
Freeman,  Sarah  B. 
Freeman,  Mrs.  Susan  R. 
Freeman,  Walter  K. 
Freeman,  Warren  W. 
Freeman,  Capt.  William. 
Freeman,  Mrs.  William. 
Freeman,  Mrs.  W.  M. 

280 


APPENDIX 


Frenald,  Mrs.  S.  K. 
French,  Asa  P. 
French,  Rev.  Edgar  P. 
Frost,  George  W. 
Frost,  Maurice  Linnell. 
Frost,  W.  Wallace. 
Fuller,  Albert  W. 
Fuller,  Albert  W. 
Fuller,  Charles  A. 
Fuller,  Cora  G.  W. 
Fuller,  George  H. 
Fuller,  James. 
Fuller,  Prince  A. 
Fuller,  Mrs.  Sarah  D. 
Fuller,  Maria  F. 

Gage,  Hon.  Lyman  J. 
Galacar,  Charles  E. 
Gardner,  George  P. 
Gardner,    Isaac,    Chapter,    D. 

A.    R.,    Ellen    G.    Coolidge, 

Treas. 
Garey,  John. 
Garey,  Philip  Howes. 
Garey,  Robert  Howes. 
Garrison,  Lloyd  McKim. 
Gay,  Joseph  E. 
Gayland,  Mrs.  Alexander  H. 
Geer,  Miss  Ellen. 
Geer,  Miss  Lucy. 
Gerrick,  Mrs.  Thankful. 
Gibbs,  Edward  S. 
Gifford,   Charles   L. 
Gifford,  Corinne  T. 
Gifford,  Miss  Frances  C. 
Gifford,  Frederic  Orr. 


Gifford,  Mrs.  Harriet  P. 
Gifford,  James. 
Gifford,  Moses  N. 
Gifford,  Mrs.  Nellie  S. 
Gifford,  Mrs.  Rebecca  A. 
Gifford,  Reuben  G. 
Gifford,  Salome  A. 
Gilbridge,  Francis  F. 
Gilbride,  Louise  M. 
Gilman,  Mrs.  Adelaide  L. 
Gilmore,  William. 
Gluck,  Miss  Rosaloe. 
Goepper,  Gustavius. 
Goodrich,  William  W. 
Goodspeed,  Charles. 
Goodspeed,  C.  Lovell. 
Goodspeed,  Edwin  Leslie. 
Goodspeed,  Ellsworth  C. 
Goodspeed,  George  H. 
Goodspeed,  Mrs.  Phebe  C. 
Gordon,  William,  Jr. 
Goss,  Mrs.  Alma  Field. 
Goss,  Alton  P. 
Goss,  Mrs.  A.  P. 
Goss,  F.  B. 
Goss,  F.  P. 
Goss,  Hettie  G. 
Goss,  Lizzie  Foster. 
Gould,  Charles  E. 
Gould,  George  A. 
Gray,  Georgie  A. 
Gray,  Henry  W. 
Green,  Edna  M. 
Green,  Marshall  Winslow. 
Green,  Richard  Henry. 
Green,  Mrs.  Richard  Henry. 


281 


APPENDIX 


Green,  Hon.  William  S. 
Greenleaf,  William  H. 
Gregory,  Mrs.  Robert  B. 
Griffin,  W.  H. 
Grilley,  Mrs.  Charles  T. 
Griswold,  Ellinor  Shaw. 
Gross,     Edward     Blake.       (In 

Memoriam.) 
Gross,  Mrs.  Edward  B. 
Gross,  Mrs.  George  T. 
Gross,  Mrs.  Mercy  Davis. 
Grove,  W.  L. 
Grozier,  Edwin  A. 
Grozier,  Joshua. 
Grozier,  Leroy  A. 
Grozier,  Rebecca  A. 
Gudebrod,  George  H. 
Guild,  Hon.  Curtis,  Jr. 
Guyer,  A.  G. 

Haass,    Mrs.    Katherine    Lom- 
bard. 
Haass,  Margaret  Ellen. 
Haass,  Ruth  Katherine. 
Hall,  Mrs.  Alice  M. 
Hall,  Arthur. 
Hall,  Charles  E. 
Hall,  Mrs.  Cyrus. 
Hall,  F.  Burnham. 
Hall,  Hon.  Frederick  S. 
Hall,  Mrs.  Grace  Fielding. 
Hall,  Irwin  C. 
Hall,  John  T. 
Hall,  Joseph  Ambrose. 
Hall,  Mrs.  Joseph  R. 
Hall,  Mrs.  Lydia  H. 


Hall,  Oliver. 
Hall,  S.  W. 
Hall,  Miss  Seviah  K. 
Hallett,  Clara  J. 
Hallett,  Miss  Elsie  Mae. 
Hallett,  Frank  P. 
Hallett,  Mrs.  G.  W. 
Hallett,  Mrs.  George. 
Hallett,  Grace  B. 
Hallett,  Henry  S. 
Hallett,  Horace  K. 
Hallett,  Mrs.  Horace  T. 
Hallett,  Samuel  W. 
Hallett,  Maurice  C. 
Hallett,  T.  T. 
Hallowell,  Richard  P. 
Halsall,  William  F. 
Hamblin,  Deborah. 
Hamilton,  Franklin. 
Hamlin,  Alexander. 
Hamlin,  Hon.  Charles  S. 
Hamlin,  Charles  S. 
Hamlin,  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Hamlin,  Miss  Sara  A. 
Hammond,  Miss  Mary. 
Hammond,  Capt.  Robert  A. 
Hammond,  Robert  A. 
Hammond,  Mrs.  Robert  A. 
Handreu,  Mrs.  Addie. 
Hangaard,  John  T.,  Jr. 
Hannum,  A.  P. 
Harding,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Orr. 
Harding,  George  W.,  Jr. 
Harding,  Heman  A. 
Harding,  Mrs.  R.  Josephine. 
Harding,  Robert  Libby. 


282 


APPENDIX 


Hardy,  Alpheus  H. 
Hardy,  Augustus  L. 
Harriman,  Betsey  F. 
Harriman,  H,  P. 
Harriman,  Judge  Hiram  P. 
Harriman,  Olivia. 
Harrington,  Emma  L. 
Harrington,  Louise. 
Harrington,  Lucy. 
Harrington,  Mary  E. 
Harris,  Mrs.  W.  L. 
Harrison,  Mrs.  Carter  H. 
Harrison,  Cecil  Alexander. 
Harrison,    Christopher    Henry 

James. 
Harrison,  Mrs.  Ethel. 
Harrison,  George  Herbert. 
Hart,  Burton  S. 
Hart,  Capt.  E.  J. 
Hart,  Linton. 
Hart,  Ronald. 

Hartshorne,  Mrs.  Muriel  May. 
Harwich,  Town  of. 
Harwood,  D.  F. 
Haskell,  Mrs.  George  A. 
Hassenberg,  William  B. 
Hatch,  Mrs.  Abbie  D. 
Hatch,  Hennie  C. 
Hatch,  Joseph  (Capt.). 
Hatch,  Sadie  W. 
Hatch,  Capt.  Samuel  T. 
Haus,  Charles  F. 
Havemeyer,  Miss  Julia  Loomis. 
Havemeyer,  Loomis. 
Hawes,  Mrs.  Emily  E. 
Hawes,  E.  E.,  M.D. 


Hayden,  Edmund  M. 
Hayward,  Dr.  J.  W. 
Hayward,  Sylvanus  A. 
Hazen,  John  E.  L. 
Heartfield,  Rev.  Frank. 
Heartfield,  Mrs.  Frank. 
Heath,  Mrs.  Caroline  P. 
Heberle,  Charles  T. 
Hedge,  Daniel. 
Hedge,  Daniel. 
Hedge,  Joseph. 
Hedge,  Mrs.  Joseph. 
Henderson,  Freeman  M. 
Heppingstone,  Adaline  C. 
Heppingstone,  Capt.  John. 
Herbolt,  George  I. 
Herrick,  J.  T. 
Heuton,  Harriet,  Miss. 
Hibbard,  George  A. 
Higgins,  Mrs.  Abby. 
Higgins,  Adeline  A. 
Higgins,  Alfred. 
Higgins,  C.  Lothrop. 
Higgins,  Edward  M. 
Higgins,  Eldad. 
Higgins,  George  W. 
Higgins,  Mrs.  George  W. 
Higgins,  Jonathan. 
Higgins,  Mrs.  M.  G. 
Higgins,  Miss  Mabel. 
Higgins,  Maria  Penn. 
Higgins,  Solon  O. 
Higgins,  Sparrow. 
Higgins,  Susan  S. 
Hildreth,  Mrs.  Amelia  P. 
Hill,  Mrs.  Ada  T. 


283 


APPENDIX 


Hill,  Charles  C. 
Hill,  F.  E. 
Hill,  S.  E. 
Hill,  T.  O. 
Hill,  Mrs.  T.  O. 
Hillard,  John  D. 
Hillard,  Mrs.  Lizzie  H.  P. 
Hilliard,  Alice  S. 
Hilliard,  Miss  Helen  J. 
Hilliard,  Helen  J. 
Hilliard,  J.  D.,  Jr. 
Hilliard,  Nellie  B. 
Hinckley,  Abbie  L. 
Hinckley,  Albert  Pope. 
Hinckley,  Annie  B, 
Hinckley,  Desire  L. 
Hinckley,  Rev.  Edward  B. 
Hinckley,  Dr.  F.  C. 
Hinckley,  Capt.  F.  M. 
Hinckley,  Frank  H. 
Hinckley,  Freeman. 
Hinckley,  Gustavus  L. 
Hinckley,  Lieut.  Harold  Dale. 
Hinckley,  Harold  L. 
Hinckley,  Herbert  F. 
Hinckley,  James  W. 
Hinckley,  Lawrence  Dexter. 
Hinckley,  Myra  B. 
Hinckley,  Mrs.  Nathaniel. 
Hinckley,  Oliver  W. 
Hinckley,  S.  A. 
Hinckliffe,  Belle. 
Hincks,  Mrs.  W.  G. 
Hingeley,  M.  W. 
Hitchcock,  Mrs.  Annie. 
Hitchcock,  Mrs.  Bailey  H. 


Hoag,  Hon.  Edwin  R. 

Hoar,  E.  R. 

Hobart,    Sarah    Louise    Disos- 

way. 
Hodge,  H.  A. 
Hodges,  George. 
Hodges,  Mrs.  George  W. 
Hoffman,  Mrs.  Sophia  C. 
Hogg,  Miss  Elizabeth. 
Holbrook,  G.  B.   ("  Friend  "). 
Holbrook,  George  W. 
Holbrook,  Mrs.  Sarah  A. 
Holcombe,  Mrs.  John  M. 
Holmes,  Blanche  A. 
Holmes,  Miss  Dora  O. 
Holmes,  Miss  Frances. 
Holmes,  Frederic. 
Holmes,  Mrs.  Frederic. 
Holmes,  G.  F. 
Holmes,  George  H. 
Holmes,  George  H. 
Holmes,  H.  C. 
Holmes,  H.  C. 
Holmes,  Rev.  H.  M. 
Holmes,  Rufus  E. 
Holsbery,  Henry  B. 
Holway,  John  W. 
Holway,  Thomas  E. 
Holway,  Thomas  E. 
Homer,  Benjamin. 
Homer,  E.  B. 
Homer,  Mrs.  E.  B. 
Homer,  Mrs.  Lurana  L. 
Homer,  Oscar  W. 
Hooper,  A.  H. 
Hopkins,  A.  Frank. 


284 


APPENDIX 


Hopkins,  Albert  G. 
Hopkins,  Mrs.  Annie  G. 
Hopkins,  Annie  G. 
Hopkins,    Mrs.    Caroline    Sta- 
ples. 
Hopkins,  Charles  S. 
Hopkins,  Mrs.  Charlotte  S. 
Hopkins,  Miss  Clarence  A. 
Hopkins,  Miss  Constance. 
Hopkins,  Miss  Delia  R. 
Hopkins,  E.  B, 
Hopkins,  Miss  E.  Josie 
Hopkins,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  K. 
Hopkins,  Ethel  B. 
Hopkins,  Henry. 
Hopkins,  Henry  L. 
Hopkins,  Howard  F. 
Hopkins,  Howard  R. 
Hopkins,  James  H. 
Hopkins,  James  B. 
Hopkins,  Louise  M. 
Hopkins,  Mrs.  Louise  M. 
Hopkins,  Miss  Mary  A. 
Hopkins,  M.  Belle 
Hopkins,  R.  W. 
Hopkins,  Raymond  A. 
Hopkins,  Rufus  H. 
Hopkins,  Mrs.  Ruth  L. 
Hopkins,  Samuel  C. 
Hopkins,  Smith  K. 
'     Hopkins.  Mrs.  Smith  K. 
Hopkins,  Mrs.  Sophia  C. 
Hopkins,  Miss  T.  W. 
Home,  Durbin. 
Hovey,  C.  F.  &  Co. 
Howard,  Alfred. 


Howard,  Henry  F. 
Howard,  Joseph  Johnson. 
Howard,  Marcus  W. 
Howe,  Charles  Mervin. 
Howe,  William  Potwin. 
Howes,  A.  P. 
Howes,  Mrs.  Almond  S. 
Howes,  Miss  Arlette. 
Howes,  Bessie  E. 
Howes,  Calvin  C. 
Howes,  Cora  Merriam. 
Howes,  Edith  M. 
Howes,  Ellen  E. 
Howes,  Mrs.  Emma  F. 
Howes,  Esther  W. 
Howes,  Ezra  T. 
Howes,  Fannie  M. 
Howes,  Miss  Flora. 
Howes,  Frank  Willis. 
Howes,  George  K. 
Howes,  Mrs.  George  K. 
Howes,  Miss  Ida  May 
Howes,  John  J. 
Howes,  Joshua  C. 
Howes,  Joshua  E. 
Howes,  Levi  S. 
Howes,  Lydia  Hall. 
Howes,  Margaret. 
Howes,  Mrs.  Margaret  J. 
Howes,  ^lary  Clark. 
Howes,  Osborne. 
Howes,  Ralph  Herbert. 
Howes,  Robert  Dickinson. 
Howes,  Miss  Ruth  C. 
Howes,  Mrs.  Sarah  S. 
Howes,  William  C. 


285 


APPENDIX 


Howland,  Charles  F. 
Howland,  Edwin   F. 
Howland,  Joshua. 
Howland,  Julius  Lester. 
Howland,  Mrs.  Walter  M. 
Hoyt,  Barbara. 
Hoyt,  Emily  K. 
Hoyt,  H.  Sears. 
Hoyt,  J.  King  F. 
Hoyt,  James  K. 
Hubbell,  Frederick  B. 
Hudson,  George  W. 
Hudson,  Dr.  William  P. 
Hughes,  Albert  E. 
Hughes,  Annie  M. 
Hughes,  Atkins. 
Hughes,  Mrs.  B.  L. 
Hughes,  Miss  G.  W. 
Hughes,  H.  P. 
Hughes,  Mrs.  H.  P. 
Hull,  Ulysses  A. 
Hulse,  James  O.,  Jr. 
Humphery,  Richard  C. 
Hunt,  Henry  W. 
Huntington,  W.  E. 
Hurst,  Mrs.  Sarah  E. 
Hustace,  C,  Jr. 
Hutchings,  Mrs.  Emma  Hinck 

ley. 
Hutchings,  Henry  M. 
Hutchings,  Henry  S. 
Hutchings,  Mrs.  Mary  Beale. 
Hutchins,  E.  B. 
Hutchinson,  Henry. 
Hynes,  Fannie  Josephine. 
Hyslop,  T.  N. 


Irwin,  W.  H. 

Isburgh,  Mrs.  Charles  H. 

Isham,  Henry  Porter. 

Isham,  Mrs.  Katherine  Porter. 

Isham,  Ralph  Nilson. 

Ives,  Miss  Marie  E. 

Jackson,  Dr.  James  H. 
Jacobs,  Mrs.  Abbie. 
Jacobs,  Everett  S. 
Jacobson,  A. 
Jamieson,  Mrs.  Egbert. 
Jason,  John. 
Jason,  Joseph. 
Jearulds,  George  A. 
'  Jefferson,  Joseph. 
Jenkins,  Ira  A. 
Jenkins,  Mrs.  John  E. 
Jenkins,  Thornton. 
Jenney,  Bernard. 
Jenney,  William  T. 
Jennings,  Mrs.  Myra  Fitciu 
Jerauld,  Bruce  K. 
Jerauld,  Myron  E. 
Jesup,  Morris  K. 
Jewett,  Hon.  George  R. 
Johnson,  Alvin  Page. 
Johnson,  B.  C. 
Johnson,  Benjamin  M. 
Johnson,  Miss  Bertha  G. 
Johnson,  Edward  P. 
Johnson,  George  F. 
Johnson,  Mrs.  Harriet  M. 
Johnson,  John  Taylor. 
Johnson,  Joseph  G. 
Johnson,  Miss  Josephine. 

286 


APPENDIX 


Johnson,  J.  W. 
Johnson,  Mrs.  J.  W. 
Johnson,  L.  M. 
Johnson,  Marshall. 
Johnson,  Miss  Mary  Leslie. 
Johnstone,  Master  A. 
Johnstone,  Master  Allerton. 
Johnstone,  Mrs.  Kate  R. 
Johnson,  Mrs.  Sara  N. 
Johnson,  William  M. 
Johnson,  William  W. 
Johnson,  William  W. 
Jones,  Alfred. 
Jones,  Mrs.  Algie  B. 
Jones,  Asa  L. 
Jones,  B.  E. 
Jones,  Miss  Emma  C.  B. 
Jones,  E.  W. 
Jones,  F.  E.,  Co. 
Jones,  Kate  M. 
Jones,  Mrs.  Lucie  J. 
Jones,  Maro  B. 
Jones,  Mrs. 
Jones,  Velorous  E. 
Jones,  William  L. 
Jordan,  Marsh,  Co. 
Jorgenson,  Mrs.  James. 
Joslin,  Capt.  John,  Jr. 
Joy,  Frank  A. 
Joy,  Mrs.  Frank  A. 

Karelson,  Miss  Beatrice. 
Kaufman,  B. 
Kavanagh,  Edward  H. 
Kavanagh,  Henry. 
Keane,  John  M. 


Kee,  Lee. 
Keene,  Miss  J.  M. 
Keith,  Miss  Anna  Frances. 
Keith,  Austin. 
Keith,  Miss  Cordelia. 
Keith,  Eben  S.  S. 
Keith,  Eben  S.  S. 
Keith,  Mrs.  Eben  S.  S. 
Keith,  Eliza  F. 
Keith,  Mrs.  Eliza  F. 
Keith,  Hon.  Isaac  N. 
Keith,  Isaac  N. 
Kelley,  A.  C. 
Kelley,  Anthony. 
Kelley,  A.  W. 
Kelley,  B.  C. 
Kelley,  Benjamin. 
Kelley,  Bertha  Russell. 
Kelley,  Braddock  N. 
Kelley,  Caleb  R. 
Kelley,  Carrie  W. 
Kelley,  Chester  B. 
Kelley,  Cyrus  W. 
Kelley,  Mrs.  Cyrus  W. 
Kelley,  Edmund  S. 
Kelley,  Mrs.  Edward. 
Kelley,  Edwin  B. 
Kelley,  Fannie  L. 
Kelley,  F.  G. 
Kelley,  Mrs.  George  A. 
Kelley,  Henaldo  H. 
Kelley,  Joshua. 
Kelley,  Mertie  E. 
Kelley,  Oma  W. 
Kelley,  P. 
Kelley,  S.  Randolph. 


287 


APPENDIX 


Kelley,  Reuben  O. 
Kelley,  R.  M. 
Kelley,  Stillman  F. 
Kelley,  Mrs.  Stillman  F, 
Kelley,  Sylvanus  T. 
Kelley,  W.  B. 
Kemp,  Capt.  Alexander. 
Kemp,  Rev.  Robert  Morris. 
Kemp,  Thomas. 
Kemp,  Thomas  E. 
Kendall,  Miss  Annis. 
Kendrick,  Mrs.  David. 
Kendrick,  Edward. 
Kendrick,  John,  Jr. 
Kendrick,  John,  Jr. 
Kendrick,  Miss  Helen  D. 
Kendrick,  Mrs.  Katie  K.  C. 
Kendrick,  Mrs.  Mattie  W. 
Kendrick,  Mrs.  William  R. 
Kennedy,  Andrew. 
Kennedy,  Mrs.  Nettie. 
Kenney,  James  F. 
Kenney,  Mrs.  J.  W.  C. 
Kent,  Mrs.  Almena  T. 
Kent,  Cyrus  S. 
Kilburn,  E.  J. 
Kilburn,  Mary  S. 
Kiley,  Mrs.  Ella  J. 
Kimball,  L.  E. 
Kimball,  Mr.  W.  W. 
King,  Atkins  H. 
King,  Cora  H. 
King,  George  A. 
King,  George  C. 
King,  George  G. 
Kingman,  Bertha  K. 


Kingman,  F.  W. 
Kings,  Daughters  of  Centre. 
Kingsbury,  Anna  C. 
Klenze,  Dr.  Camillo  Von. 
Knowles,  Miss  A.  May. 
Knowles,  Miss  Annette  Maude. 
Knowles,  Charles  E. 
Knowles,  Mrs.  Georgia  M. 
Knowles,  George  O. 
Knowles,  George  O. 
Knowles,  Miss  Hannah  H. 
Knowles,  Mrs.  Henry. 
Knowles,  James  H. 
Knowles,  Joseph  W. 
Knowles,  Josiah  F. 
Knowles,  Miss  Julia  C. 
Knowles,  Miss  Lucy  A. 
Knowles,  Mrs.  Mary  F. 
Knowles,  Mrs.  Mary  P. 
Knowles,  Otis  M. 
Knowles,  Samuel. 
Knowles,  Thomas  H. 
Knowles,  William  H. 
Knowles,  William  M. 
Knowles,  Mrs.  William  M. 
Knowles,  W.  W. 
Knowles,  Mrs.  W.  W. 
•  Knowlton,  Hon.  Hosea  M. 
Kompton,  Capt.  Thomas. 

Lamb,  Henry  W. 
Lancy,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  B. 
Lancy,  Henry  J.     (In  Memo- 

riam.) 
Landers,  Ralph  A. 
Lathrop,  Freeman  H. 

288 


APPENDIX 


Lathrop,  Mrs.  Sarah  M. 

Lavender,  R.  M. 

Law,  Louis  A. 

Law,  Mrs.  Nellie  N. 

Law,  William  M. 

Lawley,  E.  A. 

Lawrence,  Majorie. 

Lawrence,  Ruth. 

Lawrence,  Samuel  C. 

Lawrence,  Samuel  C. 

Lawrence,  Samuel  C. 

Lawrence,  Samuel  C,  Jr. 

Lawrence,  William  B. 

Lawrence,  Mrs.  W.  B. 

Lawrence,  William  B.,  Jr. 

Lawton,  Mary. 

Learned,  Gen.  Ebenezer,  Chap. 
D.  A.  R.,  Oxford,  Mass., 
Miss  Alice  M.  Brady. 

Leclear,  Mrs.  Helen. 

Lee,  Joseph. 

Lee,  Joseph  E. 

Lee,  Mrs.  Sara  White. 

Lee,  Judge  Thomas  Zanslau. 

Lentz,  Prof.  Theodore  C. 

Leonard,  J.  Milton. 

Lesser,  J.  Mona. 

Lester,  Mrs.  Mabel  Rosenthal. 

Lewis,  Albert  N. 

Lewis,  Alvan  R. 

Lewis,  Alvan  R. 

Lewis,  Alvan  R.,  Jr. 

Lewis,  Bangs  A. 

Lewis,  D.  F. 

Lewis,  Everett  W. 

Lewis,  Miss  Gertrude  M. 


Lewis,  Isabel. 

Lewis,  Dr.  J.  F. 

Lewis,  J.  K. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  John  A. 

Lewis,  Juliet  A. 

Lewis,  Mrs.  Juliet  C. 

Lewis,  Laura  W. 

Lewis,  Miss  Mary  F. 

Lewis,  Mary  N. 

Lewis,  Thomas. 

Lewis,  T.  J. 

Lewis,  Weston  K. 

Lewis,  William  P. 

Lewis  &  Brown. 

Lexington  Chapter  D.  A.  R., 
Mrs.  Edward  Harold  Cros- 
by, Regent.  Miss  Susan  W. 
Muzzey,  Treas. 

Libby,  Oliver. 

Lincoln,  Alice  N. 

Lincoln,  Florence  Sargent. 

Lincoln,  Joseph  Crosby. 

Lincoln,  Joseph  Freeman. 

Linnell,  Arthur  Ellsworth. 

Linnell,  E.  W. 

Linnell,  Mrs.  E.  W. 

Linnell,  Miss  Florence  A. 

Linnell,  Mrs.  Isabel  F. 

Linnell,  Miss  Sarah  D. 

Litchfield,  Raymond  Morse. 

Litchfield,  Wilford  J. 

Little,  Joanna  W. 
^  Little,  Luther. 

Littlefield,  A.  W. 

Livermore,  Imogene  H. 

Livermore,  John  H. 

289 


APPENDIX 


Livermore,  R.  F. 
Livingston,  Addic  A. 
Livingston,  Capt.  Alexander. 
Lloyd,  Edward  H. 
Lloyd,  Mrs.  G.  H. 
Locke,  Mrs.  Edward  H. 
Lodge,  Hon.  Henry  Cabot. 
Logan,  Walter  S. 
Lombard,  A.  C. 
Lombard,  B.,  Jr. 
Lombard,  C.  W. 
Lombard,  Ernest  B. 
Lombard,  Mrs.  Estella  H. 
Lombard,  Miss  Esther  Hatch. 
Lombard,  Isaac  G. 
Lombard,  James  Arthur. 
Lombard,  Mrs.  Jessie  M. 
Lombard,  Mrs.  Josephine  F. 
Lombard,  Josiah  L. 
Lombard,  Josiah  L. 
Lombard,  J.  W.  P. 
Lombard,  J.  W.  P. 
Lombard,  Katherine. 
Lombard,  Lawrence  M. 
Lombard,  Mrs.  Margaret  B. 
Lombard,  M.  H. 
Lombard,  Priscilla. 
Lombard,  Samuel  Hatch. 
Lombard,  Sarah  E. 
Lombard,  Mrs.  Susan  T, 
Long,  Capt.  Charles  H. 
Long,  Mrs.  Charles  H. 
Long,  Miss  Elsie  F. 
Long,  Mrs.  Melissa  V. 
Long,  Samuel  T.     (In  Memo- 


riam.) 


Longnook  School. 

Loomis,  Ms.  Abigail  Paine. 

Loomis,  Annie  E. 

Lopez,  Thomas,  Jr. 

Lord,  Arthur. 

Lord,  William  H. 

Lorimer,  Mrs.  Cora  Carver. 

Loring,  Charles  A. 

Loring,  Frank  W. 

Loring,  George  H. 

Loring,  Hattie  M. 

Loring,  Irene  F. 

Lothrop,  Miss  Arietta. 

Lothrop,  Benjamin  L. 

Lothrop,  Bertha  W. 

Lothrop,  Eben.  (In  Memo- 
riam.) 

Lothrop,  Frederick  G. 

Lothrop,  Mrs.  Hattie  F. 

Lothrop,  Marcus  T. 

Lothrop,  Percy. 

Lothrop,  Mrs.  Rebecca.  (In 
Memoriam.)  ' 

Lothrop,  Mrs.  Sarah  M. 

Lothrop,  Dr.  Thomas. 

Lothrop,  Thomas.  (In  Memo- 
riam.) 

Lothrop,  Thompson. 

Lotshaw,  Fred  Fahnstock. 

Love,  David. 

Loveland,  Timothy  O. 

Loveland,  Capt.  Winslow. 

Lovell,  Miss  Abbie  W. 

Lovell,  Edward  H. 

LoveU,  Fred  W. 

Lovell,  Mrs.  Mary  A. 


290 


APPENDIX 


Levering,  Frances  H. 
Lovering,  Lucia  N. 
Levering,  Mrs.  Lucia  N, 
Levering,  Hon.  William  C. 
Lovett,  Joshua. 
Lovett,  Joshua. 
Low,  Albert  B. 
Low,  Mrs.  Ellen. 
Lowe,  Hon.  Arthur  H. 
Lowell,  Francis  C. 
Loyal  Legion  Society. 
Loyal      Temperance      Legion, 

Company       J.       Barnstable 

County. 
Lucas,  Georgie  M. 
Lucas,  George  Warren. 
Lucas,  John. 
Lucas,  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Lucas,  Winslow  B. 
Luce,  Matthew. 
Lumbert,  A.  W. 
Lumbert,  Henry  C. 
Lumbert,  Mrs.  Prudence  B. 
Lumbert,  Mrs.  Sophia  G. 
Lunt,  Miss  Cornelia  Gray. 
Luscombe,  Nanette. 
Luscombe,  Walter  O. 
Luther,  James  W. 
Lyman,  Theodore. 
Lyman,  Mrs.  Theodore. 
Lynn,  Cephas  B. 
Lyon,  Prof.  D.  G. 
Lytle,  Hon.  William  A. 


MacDonald,  Joshua  S. 
Maclntyre,  Katherine  I. 


Maclntyre,  Miss  Mary  B. 
Maclntyre,  W.  J. 
Mackay,  Clarence  H, 
Macleod,  Dr.  A.  S. 
Macool,  Adam. 
MacWatters,  Samuel  J. 
Maher,  Edward  F. 
Makepeace,  Grace  P. 
Makepeace,  John  C. 
Maker,  Joshua. 
Manson,  John  L. 
Manta,  John  R. 
Manta,  Joseph. 
Manta,  Joseph  A. 
Manta,  Philip  P. 
Manta,  Mrs.  Philomenea. 
Manuel,  Rebecca  T. 
Manwaring,  Charles  W. 
Marchant,  Charles  B. 
Marchant,  C.  W. 
Marchant,  Mrs.  Charles  B. 
Marchant,  Nelson  G. 
Marden,  Hon.  George  A. 
Mariner,  Miss  Constance. 
Mariner,  Miss  Mary  Antisdel. 
Marsh,  Elizabeth  White. 
Marsh,  Frederick  C. 
Marston,  Charles  H. 
Marston,  Ellen  M. 
Marston,  Henry  W. 
Marston,  Mrs.  Henry  M. 
Marston,  Howard. 
Marston,  Leon  C. 
Marston,  Richard  W. 
Marston,  Russell. 
Marston,  Shirley. 


291 


APPENDIX 


Martin,  Mrs.  Emilie  D. 
Martin,   Mrs.  Georgiana. 
Matherson,  Carrie  O. 
Matheson,  Angus  S. 
Matheson,  Anna  Bella. 
Matheson,  Duncan  A. 
Matheson,  K. 
Matheson,  Capt.  John. 
Matheson,  Miss  Maude  J. 
Matheson,  Capt.  Norman. 
Matheson,  Miss  Reba  F. 
Matheson,  William. 
Mathewson,  Capt.  John  A. 
Matthews,  Adeline  H. 
Matthews,  Capt.  Albert  W. 
Matthews,  Miss  Althena  D. 
Matthews,  Anna  C. 
Matthews,  E.  C. 
Matthews,  Edwin. 
Matthews,  Elnathan. 
Matthews,  Emma  I. 
Matthews,  Ezekiel  H. 
Matthews,  Mrs.  Jeannette  H. 
Matthews,  John  Heppingstone. 
Matthews,  Laura  Snow. 
Matthews,  Nathan,  Jr. 
Matthews,  Nathan,  Jr. 
Matthews,  Mrs.  Sally  H. 
IMatthews,  Seleck  P. 
May,  Miss  Dorothy. 
May,  Miss  Edith. 
May,  Miss  Helen  Goddard. 
May,  John  Joseph. 
May,  John  Pierpont. 
May,  Miss  Josephine. 
May,  Miss  Margaret  Bradford. 


May,  Nicholas  Bradford. 
May,  Samuel. 
May,  Mrs.  Samuel  P. 
Mayflower    Descendants,    Mrs. 

E.  P.  Viles,  Secy. 
Mayflower,  Descendants  of. 
Mayflower,  Descendants  of. 
Mayflower       Descendants      of 

Chicago,     Paul     Blatchford, 

Treas.,  1910. 
Mayhew,  William  H. 
Mayo,  Alfred  A. 
Mayo,  Mrs.  A.  M. 
Mayo,  Charles  U. 
Mayo,  Dora  G. 
Mayo,  Elkanah  C. 
Mayo,  Esther  T. 
Mayo,  Isaac  F. 
Mayo,  Jerome  A. 
Mayo,  Richard. 
Mayo,  Susan  A. 
Mayo,  Mrs.  Susan  M. 
Mayo,  Wallace  H. 
Megathlin,  Charles  W. 
Megathlin,  Louise  H. 
Meigs,  Mrs.  Titus  B. 
Meldon,  Mrs.  Emily. 
Meldon,  Katie  Williams. 
Mello,  John  E. 
Merrick,  Miss. 
Merrick,  Frederick  L. 
Merrick,  Mrs.   Frederick  L. 
Merricks,  Dr.  S.  Newcomb. 
Merrill,  George  A. 
Merriweather,  Lee. 
Mershawn  Club. 


292 


APPENDIX 


Messer,  Arthur  O. 

Messer,  Florence  M. 

Messer,  Mrs.  Lillian  Newton. 

Messinger,  I.  N. 

Metzler,  Curtis  G. 

Miles,  S.  J. 

Miller,  Francis  S. 

Miller,  George  F. 

Mills,  E.  E. 

Mills,  Henry  J. 

Milton,  Citizens. 

Mitchell,  H.  G. 

Moody,  Samuel, 

Moore,  Albert  D. 

Moore,  Edward  Small, 

Moore,  Mrs.  Emma  J. 

Moore,  F.  M. 

Moore,  Hobart. 

Moore,  Paul. 

IMoore,  Mrs.  W.  H. 

Moore,  Mrs.  William  H. 

Moore,  Dr.  W.  M. 

Morgan,  Alice  H. 

Moriarty,  Corporal  Thomas. 

Morris,  Mrs.  Seymour. 

Morse,  Edward  John  Whitney 

Morse,  Dr.  F.  W. 

Moses,  Mrs.  James. 

Mott,  S.  C. 

Mott,  Stephen. 

Mott,  Mrs.  S.  C. 

Moulton,  George  L.  D. 

Moulton,  Mrs.  Mary  May. 

Moulton,  Miss  Sylvia  May. 

Mulford,  Fred. 

Mullins,  Thomas  V. 

20  293 


Mullins,  Thomas  V. 
Mullins,  Mrs.  Thomas  V. 
Munson,  Loveland. 
Munson,  Mrs.  Loveland. 
Murdock,  Mrs.  Nellie  H. 
Murphy,  Frank  S. 
Murphy,  James. 
Murphy,  Lester  W. 
Murphy,  Patrick  N. 
Murray,  Mary  A. 
Myer,  Hon.  John  H. 
Myers,  Hiram. 
Mynderse,  Hannah  G. 
Myrick,  Capt.  Charles  E. 
Myrick,  Mrs.  Hannah  L. 
Myrick,  Mrs.  Jerome. 
Myrick,  Mrs.  Joanna. 
Myrick,  Richard  S. 
Myrick,  Walter  E. 
McAllister,  William  K. 
McDonough,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  F. 
McDonough,  Judge  John  J. 
McDonough,  Lizzie. 
Mcintosh,  Daniel  C. 
Mcintosh,  John. 
Mcintosh,  Mrs.  John. 
Mcintosh,  Rebecca  B. 
McKay,  Angus. 
McKay,  Cora  S. 
McKay,  Capt.  Eli. 
McKay,  Mrs.  Lottie  B. 
McKay,  Osborn  E. 
McKay,  Pearl  Nelson. 
McKay,  William  A. 
McKeil,  H.  H. 
McLaue,  John. 


APPENDIX 


McLnup:hlin,  George  T.  Nickerson, 

McNiiugliton,  Miss  Edna  C.  Nickerson, 

McRitchie,  Angus.  Nickerson, 

Nickerson, 

Nason,  Mrs.  Ellen  S.  Nickerson, 

Nason,  Mrs.  Ellen  S.  Nickerson, 

National  Society.  Nickerson, 

Naylor,  Dr.  Walter  W.  Nickerson, 

Nazro,  F.  H.  Nickerson, 

Nazro,  Miss  M.  W.  Nickerson, 

Neal,  Frank  W.  Nickerson, 

Neal,  Jolin  R.  Nickerson, 

Nelson,  Dr.  Abiel  Ward.  Nickerson, 

Nevers,  Mrs.  Edward.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  Alexander  T.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  David  A.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  Mrs.  David  A.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  E.  A.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  Edgar  E.  gess, 

Newcomb,  James  H.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  Joseph  A.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  Joseph  H.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  Mrs.  Joseph.  Nickerson, 

Newcomb,  Mrs.  Moses  P.  Nickerson, 

Newell,  Augustus  Carpenter.  Nickerson, 

Newell,  John.  Nickerson, 

Newell,  Mrs.  John  E.  Nickerson, 

Newell,  Mrs.  Mary  D.  Nickerson, 

Newton,  Dr.  Adin  H.  Nickerson, 
Newton,  Charles  Worthington.      Nickerson, 

Newton,  William  C.  Nickerson, 

Nickerson,  Addie  D.  Nickerson, 

Nickerson,  Addie  D.  Nickerson, 

Nickerson,  Mrs.  Adeline  L.  Nickerson, 

Nickerson,  Miss  Almena.  Nickerson, 

Nickerson,  Atkins.  Nickerson, 

294 


Augustus. 
Miss  Carol  Mayo. 
C.  H. 

Mrs.  Clarissa  S. 
Daniel  W. 
Darius  M.,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Dora  Mayo. 
Edith  C. 
Capt.  Elisha. 
Mrs.  Eliza  A. 
Miss  E.  C. 
Eugene  E. 
Eunice  S. 
Flavius. 
Franklin. 
Frederick. 
Miss  Grace  E. 
Master  George  Bur- 
George  H. 
George  W. 
George  W. 
Gustavus. 
Hannah  J.  Baker. 
Miss  Helen. 
Henry. 
Henry  C. 
Henry  C. 
H.  C. 
Hiram  B. 
Howard  Tarbell. 
James  H. 
John  F. 
Mrs.  Joseph. 
Joseph  M. 
Joshua  A. 


APPENDIX 


Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 
Nickerson, 


Joshua  C. 
Mrs.  Joshua  C. 
Mrs.  Joshua  S. 
Capt.  Joshua  S. 
Mrs.  J.  P. 
Lewis. 
Louisa. 
Lucy  B. 
Luther. 
Luther  C. 
Marinda  J. 
Mary  A. 
Mrs.  Mary  A. 
Mrs.  Mary  C. 
Miss  Mary  Olivia. 
Mrs.  M.  P. 
Mary  Priscilla. 
Meriton  E. 
Nchemiah. 
Nellie  S. 
Osborn. 
Mrs.  Osborn. 
Oscar  C. 
P.  A. 
Peter  S. 
Priscilla  Snow. 
Miss  P.  S. 
Reuben. 
Richard  E. 
Roland  C. 
Roland  C,  Jr. 
Mrs.  Ruth  S. 
Samuel  M. 
Samuel  M. 
Samuel  M.,  Jr. 
S.  D. 


Nickerson,  Seth  H. 
Nickerson,  Stephen  T. 
Nickerson,  Theodore  J. 
Nickerson,  Thomas  W. 
Nickerson,  Walter  I. 
Nickerson,  Walter  I. 
Nickerson,  Warren  J. 
Nickerson,  William  G. 
Nickerson,  William  G. 
Nickerson,  William  K. 
Nickerson,  William  L. 
Nickerson,  Ziba. 
Noble,  Mrs.  T.  R. 
Normal  School,  State. 
Norris,  Charles  W. 
Norris,  Elga. 
North,  Charles  J. 
North,  Mrs.  William  S. 
Noyes,  Mrs.  E.  O. 
Nye,  Abbie  F. 
Nye,  Augustus  B. 
Nye,  Charles  H. 
Nye,  Mrs.  Charles  H. 
Nye,  Charles  H.,  Jr. 
Nye,  Mrs.  Charles  H.,  Jr. 
Nye,  Everett  I. 
Nye,  George  H. 
Nye,  Harold  B. 
Nye,  Hiram. 
Nye,  Hon.  William  A. 
Nye,  Mrs.  William  A. 
Nye,  William  F. 
Nye,  William  H. 


O'Brien,  Edmund  A. 
O'Brien,  Mrs.  Edmund  A. 


295 


APPENDIX 


O'Donncll,  Phillip  J. 
Ogle,  Ponsonby. 
Ogle,  Mrs.  Ponsonby. 
OHarc,  J.  J. 

Old  Colony  Chap.  D.  A.  R. 
Oliver,  Miss  S.  E.  C. 
O'Neil,  Joseph  II. 
Orleans,  Town  of. 
Ormsby,  William  F. 
Orr,  Arthur. 
Osgood,  Elizabeth  B. 
Osgood,  Emily. 
Otis,  Mrs.  James. 

Paddoek,  Mrs.  Hannah  H. 
Padeford,  Henry  D. 
Page,  F.  D. 
Paine,  Carleton  C. 
Paine,  Charles  C. 
Paine,  Capt.  Eben. 
Paine,  Mrs,  Eben. 
Paine,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  F. 
Paine,  E.  N. 
Paine,  Mrs.  E.  N. 
Paine,  James  S. 
Paine,  Mrs.  James  S. 
Paine,  James  C.  N. 
Paine,  Jedediah  Chase. 
Paine,  Jessie  Lincoln. 
Paine,  Joshua. 
Paine,  L.  K. 
Paine,  Miss  Lucy  A. 
Paine,  Mrs.  Lucy  J. 
Paine,  L.  N. 
Paine,  Mrs.  M.  F. 
Paine,  Parron  C. 


Paine,  Mrs.  Rebecca  C. 
Paine,  Robert  Treat. 
Paine,  William  M. 
Palliser,  Ruth  L. 
Parker,  Edelinc  Nickerson. 
Parker,  M.  Annette. 
Parker,   Mrs.   Eliza  A. 
Parker,  Dr.  E.  M. 
Parker,  Mrs.  E.  M. 
Parker,  George  J. 
Parker,  Helen  Frances. 
Parker,  Michael  A. 
Parker,  N.  B.  H. 
Parker,  N.  B.  H. 
Parker,  Phebe  C. 
Parker,  Mrs.  Sarah  K. 
Parker,  W.  Prentiss. 
Parsons,  Charles  Sumner. 
Partridge,  Nan  M. 
Patrick,  Joseph,  Jr. 
Patterson,  Club. 
Patterson,  Mrs.  Marcia  L. 
Pattison,  Lillian. 
Pattison,  Thomas. 
Pattison,  Mrs.  Thomas. 
Patton,  Mrs.  M.  C. 
Paul,  H.  S. 

Paul  Revere  Chap.  D.  A.  R. 
Payne,  E.  D. 
Payson,  Carl. 
Payson,  F.  L. 
Payson,  Ruth. 
Peak,  J.  W. 

Penniman,  Miss  Bessie  A. 
Penniman,  Capt.  Edward. 
Penniman,  Mrs.  Edward. 

296 


APPENDIX 


Pepper,  May  Armstrong  Har- 
vey. 

Percival,  Henry  M. 

Perrin,  Marshall. 

Perrin,  W.  T. 

Perry,  E.  A. 

Perry,  Edwin  Thacher. 

Perry,  Mrs.  Lydia  Burgess. 

Perry,  Manuel,  Jr. 

Perry,  Nelson  F. 

Peterson,  Mrs.  A.  F. 

Peterson,  I.  W. 

Phillips,  Mrs.   Sylvia  R. 

Phinney,  Miss  Cordelia  E. 

Phinney,  Edwin  S. 

Phinney,  Frank  Ferguson. 

Phinney,  Mrs.  Katherine  A. 

Phinney,  Robert  M. 

Phinney,  Sylvanus  B. 

Phinney,  T.  W. 

Pickert,  Louis. 

Pickney,  Lawrence  B. 

Piehn,  L.  H. 

Pierce,  A.  S. 

Pierce,  Mrs.  Edward  L. 

Pierce,  S.  S.,  Company. 

Pilgrim,  A.  L. 

Pilgrim  Club. 

Pilgrim  Club  of  Brewster, 
Mass. 

Pitcher,  Hannah  G. 

Pitcher,  Samuel. 

Pitkin,  Mrs.  A.  H. 

Pitman,  Irving  N.,  Jr. 

Platner,  J.  Winthrop. 

Plumer,  Horace  B. 


Poole,  E.  A. 
Porter,  Henry  H 
Porter,  Mrs.  H.  H. 
Potter,  Frank  E. 
Potter,  Mrs.  Frank  E. 
Potter,  William  H. 
Potter,  Mrs.  William  H. 
Potwin,  Mrs.  W.  S. 
Powder,  Hon.  Chapter, 
Mrs.  Adeline  F.  Fitz. 
Powe,  Andrew  T. 
Powers,   James   F. 
Pratt,  Abbie  M. 
Pratt,  David  G. 
Pratt,  Edmund 
Pratt,   Edmund  T. 
Pratt,  Miss  Helen  L. 
Pratt,  Labau, 
Pratt,  Marland  L. 
Pratt,  Marland  L. 
Pratt,  Miss  R.  Eva. 
Prior,  P.  H. 
Proctor,  Miss  Harriet. 
Proctor,  Thomas  R. 
Pulsifer,  T.  B. 
Purmore,  Mrs.  Henry  C. 
Purrington,  Wallace  F. 
Putnam,  Abbie  Cook. 
Putnam,  Adelaide  O. 
Putnam,  A.  L. 
Putnam,  A.  L. 
Putnam,  Charles  B. 
Putnam,  E. 
Putnam,  Henry  W. 
Putnam,  Nellie. 
Putnam,  S.  A. 


297 


APPENDIX 

Quinn,  Daniel  C. 

Rich, 

Edwin  B, 

Quinn,  Capt.  W.  C. 

Rich, 

Elisha. 

Rich, 

Mrs.  Ella  F.  Berry. 

Ramsey,  Carrie  A. 

Rich, 

Mrs.  Eunice  S. 

Ramsey,  Grace  S. 

Rich, 

Evelyn. 

Ramsey,  John  Alden. 

Rich, 

Floyd  E. 

Ramsey,  Malcolm. 

Rich, 

Frank  A. 

Ramsey,  Mrs.  Mary  G. 

Rich, 

Fred  C. 

Rand,  William  B. 

Rich, 

Irving  H. 

Randall,  Herbert. 

Rich, 

Irving  H. 

Rawson,  Hon.  W.  Warren. 

Rich, 

Isaiah  T. 

Ray,  Mrs.  Julia  A. 

Rich, 

Jacob. 

Ray,  William  P. 

Rich, 

J.  H. 

Raymond,  Frank. 

Rich, 

John  B. 

Raymond,  J.  W. 

Rich, 

John  B. 

Raymond,  Joseph. 

Rich, 

James  Allen. 

Read,  Ruth  S. 

Rich, 

Capt.  James  W. 

Readey,  George  W. 

Rich, 

Jeremiah  A. 

Reed,  Ethel  A. 

Rich, 

Capt.  John  B. 

Reed,  Henry  R. 

Rich, 

Joseph  A. 

Reed,  James  A. 

Rich, 

Leonard  B. 

Reynolds,  Jessie  M. 

Rich, 

Lorraine  S. 

Reynolds,     Captain     Joshua 

Rich, 

Lyman  B. 

Walker. 

Rich, 

Mrs.  Martha  J. 

Reynolds,  Viola  Rich. 

Rich, 

Mrs.  Mary  E. 

Reynolds,  William  P. 

Rich, 

Mary  T. 

Rice,  Albert  Fteley. 

Rich, 

Nathan  K. 

Rice,  Edward  H. 

Rich, 

Miss  Nellie  G. 

Ricer,  Charles  Warren. 

Rich, 

Richard  A. 

Rich,  Mrs.  Abbie. 

Rich, 

Miss  S.  E. 

Rich,  Mrs.  Abner  B. 

Rich, 

Samuel  J. 

Rich,  Albert  F. 

Rich, 

Mrs.  Samuel  J. 

Rich,  Capt.  Allen  W. 

Rich, 

Samuel  T. 

Rich,  Bettie  D. 

Rich, 

Sewall  M. 

Rich,  Mrs.  Cordelia  E. 

Rich, 

Shebnah. 

Rich,  David. 

Rich, 
298 

Solomon  B. 

APPENDIX 


Rich,  Wesley  Everett. 

Rich,  William  A. 

Rich,  William  Thayer,  Jr. 

Richards,  C.  O. 

Richards,  Lyman  G. 

Richards,  Capt.  Lyman  H. 

Richardson,  Mrs.  Mary  R. 

Richardson,  Dr.  Maurice  H. 

Rickerdson,  Reuben  L. 

Riddle,  Mary  T. 

Rider,  Rev.  William  Henry. 

Ridgely,  Charles. 

Riley,  Isaac. 

Risbell,  C.  W. 

Ritchie,  John,  Jr. 

Ritchie,  John  F. 

Ritchie,  T.  P. 

Robbins,  Mrs.  Bertha  Under- 
wood. 

Robbins,  Chandler. 

Robbins,  Charles  M. 

Robbins,  Edwin  B. 

Robbins,  Mrs.  Henry  S. 

Robbins,  J.  W. 

Robbins,  Joseph  K. 

Robbins,  Martin  L. 

Robbins,  Sylvanus. 

Roberts,  Capt.  William. 

Robinson,  Margaret. 

Robinson,  Mrs.  Olive  Grant 
Garratt. 

Robinson,  Roswell  R. 

Robinson,  Miss  Sarah  Eliza- 
beth. 

Rockwell,  J.  C. 

Roderick,  Frank. 


Roderick,  Manuel  J. 
Rogers,  Frank  E.  L. 
Rogers,  Frank  A. 
Rogers,  Freeman  H. 
Rogers,  Gorham. 
Rogers,  Mrs.  Helen  P. 
Rogers,  Henry  H. 
Rogers,  James  S. 
Rogers,  Mrs.  James  S. 
Rogers,  Manuel.      (In   Memo- 

riam.) 
Rogers,  Olivia  Mae. 
Rogers,  Miss  Salome  Beatrice. 
Rogers,  Thomas  W. 
Rogers,  W.  E. 

Romano,  William  McKinley. 
Rosenthal,  Irving  L. 
Rosenthal,  Mrs.  Irving  L. 
Rosenthal,  John. 
Rosenthal,  Mrs.  John. 
Rosenthal,  John  Fisher. 
Ross,  A.  S. 
Ross,  George  Allen. 
Ross,  John  C. 
Rothwell,  James  E. 
Roimtree,  Mrs.  Parie. 
Rowe,  William  E. 
Rowell,  Fanny. 
Rowley,  H,  C. 
Russell,  Hon.  William  E. 
Ryder,  Miss  Annie  H. 
Ryder,  C.   M. 
Ryder,  Miss  Carrie  E. 
Ryder,  Charles  C. 
Ryder,  Charles  F. 
Ryder,  Miss  E.  C. 


299 


APPENDIX 


Ryder,  E.  T. 

Ryder,  Freeman. 

Ryder,  Dr.  G. 

Ryder,  Dr.  Godfrey. 

Ryder,  L.  H. 

Ryder,  Mrs.  Phebe  N.  (In 
Memoriam,  Capt.  Col.  God- 
frey Ryder.) 

Ryder,  Mrs.  Phebe  N. 

Ryder,  Thomas  F. 

Ryder,  Thomas  S. 

Ryther,  Leon  E. 

Sage,  Mrs.  Russell. 

Saint,  Thomas  E. 

Salisbury,  Kimball. 

Salisbury,  Hon.  Stephen. 

Sam  Lee. 

Sangu,  Virginia. 

Sargent,  G.  W. 

Sargent,  John  Smith. 

Saunders,  Anna   Jeanette. 

Savage,  Mrs.  A. 

Savage,  James. 

Savage,  Lizzie  K. 

Sawsey,  A.   Loring. 

Sayer,  Paul. 

Sayer,  Sidney  W. 

Sayer,  Susy  Lombard. 

Schauffler,  William  Gray,  Jr. 

Schauffler,  Dr.  William  Gray. 

Schauffler,  Mrs.  William  Gray. 

Schirmer,  F.   A. 

Schmitt,  Victor. 

School,  Center  Grade  No.  1. 

"      N0S.2&3. 


School,  Center  Grade  No.  5. 

"      No.  7. 
School,  East'n  Grade  No.  1. 

"      Nos.  2&3. 

"      No.  4. 

"      No.  6. 
School,  Grammar. 
School,  Primary  No.  3. 
Scitt,  Charles  B. 
Scott,     Miss     Elisa     L.      (In 

Memoriam.) 
Scudder,  Abbie  Crocker. 
Scudder,  Frederick  Freeman. 
Scudder,  P.  W. 
Searl,  F.  E. 
Sears,  A.  P. 
Sears,  Abraham  W. 
Sears,  Alden  H. 
Sears,  Anna  W. 
Sears,  Charles. 
Sears,   Charles   E. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Charles  E. 
Sears,  David  H^ 
Sears,    Delia   F.     (In    Memo- 
riam.) 
Sears,  Eben. 
Sears,  Edith  H. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Ellen  F. 
Sears,  Emilie  Snow. 
Sears,  Frank  I. 
Sears,  Francis  P. 
Sears,  Frazier  Louis. 
Sears,  George  O. 
Sears,  Harry  E. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Harry  E. 
Sears,  Heman  E. 


300 


APPENDIX 


Sears,  Henry  H. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Henry  H. 
Sears,  Henry  W. 
Sears,  Horace  S. 
Sears,  Joseph  H. 
Sears,   Joseph  Hamlin. 
Sears,  J.  Henry. 
Sears,  Mrs.  J.  Henry. 
Sears,  Isaiah  C. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Mary  E. 
Sears,  May  M. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Minerva. 
Sears,  Miss  Minnie  E. 
Sears,  Myar  E. 
Sears,  Nathan. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Nathan. 
Sears,  Nathan  C. 
Sears,  Nathan  F. 
Sears,  Nathan  Harold. 
Sears,  Parker. 
Sears,  Paul  F. 
Sears,  Penlope. 
Sears,  Richard  Harvey. 
Sears,  S.  H. 
Sears,  S.  K. 
Sears,  Samuel  T. 
Sears,  Sarah  H. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Sarah  P. 
Sears,  Sarah  P. 
Sears,  Seth. 
Sears,  Seth. 

Sears,  Miss  Susan  Ella. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Susan  H. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Susan  H. 
Sears,  Thomas  D. 
Sears,  Mrs.  Thomas  D. 
20* 


Sears,  Willard  T. 
Seward,  Mrs.  William  H. 
Sharpe,  Elizabeth  M. 
Sharpe,  Mary  A. 
Shattuck,  Carmi  H. 
Shattuck,  Mrs.  Emily  S. 
Shaw,  H.  P. 
Shaw,  J.  O. 
Sheldon,  Mrs.  F.  L. 
Sheldon,  H.  C. 
Sheldon,  Mrs.  I.  L. 
Shepard,  Faustina  F. 
Shepard,  Harvey  N. 
Sherman,  A.  Frank,  Jr. 
Sherman,  Andrew  F. 
Sherman,  Charles  E. 
Sherman,  Eleanor  B. 
Sherman,  Florence  L. 
Sherman,  Julia  T. 
~  Sherman,  Mrs.  Maria  E. 
Sherman,  Mrs.   Roger. 
Shirley,  Senior  School. 
Shiverick,  A.  F. 
Shiverick,  David. 
Shortle,  Dr.  Henry.   (In  Memo- 

riam.) 
Shortle,     Mrs.     Henry.       (In 

Memoriam.) 
Shuman,  A. 
Silva,  A.  F. 
Silva,  Antone  L. 
Silva,  Frank. 
Silva,  J.  L. 
Silva,  John  D. 
Silva,  Joseph. 
Silva,  Joseph  S. 

301 


APPENDIX 


Silva,  Manuel  E. 
Silva,  Matthew  S. 
Silva,  William  H. 
Silvery,  William  E. 
Simmons,  Harry  E. 
Simmons,  William. 
Simpkins,  C.  R. 
Simpkins,  John. 
Simpkins,  Hon.  John. 
Simpkins,  Miss  Mabel. 
Simpson,  Mrs.  A.  Elsie  Keith 
Simpson,  Carrie  E. 
Simpson,  Edna  Eloise. 
Simpson,  Harry  J. 
Simpson,  Harriet  Frances, 
Simpson,  Harriet  P. 
Simpson,  Isabelle  W. 
Simpson,  Lewis  Lombard. 
Sinnott,  Edmund  W. 
Sinnott,  Henry  A. 
Skinner,  Carrie  G. 
Skinner,  Edwin  M. 
Skinner,  Miss  Elizabeth. 
Skinner,  Frank  S. 
Skinner,  Miss  Fredericka. 
Slayback,  John  D. 
Slyne,  Miss  Mary. 
Small,  A.  G. 
Small,  Mrs.  Adelaide  L. 
Small,  Aylmer  F. 
Small,  Carleton  L. 
Small,  Mrs.  Carrie  W. 
Small,  Rev.  Charles  H. 
Small,  Mrs.  Charles  H. 
Small,  Daniel  F. 
Small,  Daniel  F. 


Small,  Mrs.  D.  F. 

Small,  David  L. 

Small,  Edward  E. 

Small,  D.  Ellen  Livermore. 

Small,  Miss  Emma  A. 

Small,    Frank   A. 

Small,  Isabel  McK. 

Small,  Isaac  S. 

Small,  Isaiah  A. 

Small,  Isaiah  A. 

Small,  Mrs.  Isaac  S. 

Small,  L  M. 

Small,  James  A. 

Small,  J.  Frank. 

Small,    Josiah    F.    (In    Memo- 

riam.) 
Small,  Katherine  A. 
Small,  Mrs.  Lillian  J. 
Small,  Miss  Lillian  M. 
Small,  Marion  C. 
Small,  Mrs.  Rebecca  G. 
Small,  Reuben. 
Small,  Philip  L/ 
Small,  Mrs.  Reuben. 
Small,  Samuel. 
Small,  Stanley  S.    (In  Memo- 

riam.) 
Small,  Thelma  W. 
Small,  Thomas  F. 
Small,  Walter  H. 
Small,  Willard  M. 
Smalley,  A.  N. 
Smith,  Albert  G. 
Smith,  Mrs.  Albert  O. 
Smith,  Albert  Oliver. 
Smith,  Albert  Pratt. 

302 


APPENDIX 

Smith,  Miss  Alma  F. 

Smith,  Heman  S. 

Smith,  Alvin. 

Smith,  Rev.  I.  E. 

Smith,  Amasa. 

Smith,  Issac  A. 

Smith,  Amasa.   (In  Memoriam.) 

Smith,  Isaac  F. 

Smith,  Anthony  R. 

Smith,  J.  Arthur. 

Smith,  Anthony  R. 

Smith,  Jabez  N. 

Smith,  Amee  L. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Jabez  N. 

Smith,  Augustus  W. 

Smith,  James  T. 

Smith,  Rev.  Charles. 

Smith,  Jerome  C. 

Smith,  Mayor  Charles  A, 

Smith,  Jerome  S. 

Smith,  Charles  K. 

Smith,  John. 

Smith,  Chauncey. 

Smith,  John  E. 

Smith,  C.  Lothrop. 

Smith,  John  E. 

Smith,  Colin. 

Smith,  John  E. 

Smith,  D.  A. 

Smith,  John  H. 

Smith,  D.  B. 

Smith,  John  H. 

Smith,  Edward  T. 

Smith,  John  H. 

Smith,  Mrs.  E.  F. 

Smith,  Joseph  C.    (In  Memo- 

Smith, Eben  S. 

riam.) 

Smith,  Edward. 

Smith,  Lillian  P. 

Smith,  Edwin  W. 

Smith,  Miss  Mabel  M. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Eliza  Cook. 

Smith,  Marion. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  A. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Mary  C. 

Smith,  Miss  Ethel  B. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Mary  H. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Eva  G. 

Smith,  Miss  Mary  L. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Fannie  C. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Mary  L. 

Smith,   Francis  W. 

Smith,  Nancy  W.  Paine. 

Smith,  Frank  P. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Nellie  Bramer. 

Smith,  Freeman  A. 

Smith,  Olive  Nye. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Freeman  A. 

Smith,  Philip  R. 

Smith,  George  A. 

Smith,  Raymond  M. 

Smith,  George  A. 

Smith,  Richard  F. 

Smith,  Mrs.  Georgia  L. 

Smith,  Mrs.  S.  C. 

Smith,  Harriet  D. 

Smith,  S.  Churchill. 

Smith,  Harriet  E. 

Smith,  Seth. 

Smith,  Helen  C. 

Smith,  Simeon  C,  Jr. 

303 

APPENDIX 


Smith,  Simeon  C. 

Smith,  Simeon   L. 

Smith,  Stafford  B. 

Smith,  Stanley  Webster. 

Smitli,  Thomas. 

Smith,  Thomas  A. 

Smith,  Dr.  Thomas  B. 

Smith,  Thomas  F. 

Smith,  Timothy. 

Smith,  W.  D. 

Smith,  W.   D. 

Smith,  Warren.     (In  Memo- 

riam.) 
Smith,  Mrs.  Warren. 
Smith,  William  O. 
Smith,  William  M. 
Smith,  William  M. 
Smith,  William  Paine. 
Smith,  Dr.  Winfred. 
Smithers,  D.  Leroy. 
Smithers,  Miss  V.  B. 
Snow,  Aaron  A. 
Snow,  Mrs.  Addie  C. 
Snow,  Anna  C. 
Snow,  Mrs.  Anna  E. 
Snow,  Apphia. 
Snow,  Charles  B.,  Jr. 
Snow,  Charles  W. 
Snow,  Mrs.  Charlotte  M. 
Snow,   Chester. 
Snow,  E.  Olin. 
Snow,  Mrs.  E.  Olin. 
Snow,  Mrs.  Emeline. 
Snow,  Mrs.  Francis  U. 
Snow,  Frederic  W. 
Snow,  Freeman  E. 


Snow,  George  A.  L. 

Snow,  Mrs.  George  H. 

Snow,  George  W. 

Snow,  Gertrude  L. 

Snow,  Isaiah. 

Snow,  J.  F. 

Snow,  James  H. 

Snow,    John    N.     (In    Memo- 

riam.) 
Snow,  Louis  M. 
Snow,  Lucy. 
Snow,  Miss  Lucy  A.  S. 
Snow,  Mrs.  Lucy  F. 
Snow,  Mabel  A. 
Snow,  N.  B. 
Snow,  Richard  Sparrow. 
Snow,   Samuel. 
Snow,  Sergt.  Ancient  &  Hon. 

Artillery  Co. 
Society  of  Colonial  Daughters 

of  the  17th  Century. 
Society  of  Colonial  Wars  of  111. 
Soon  Lee. 

Soper,   Mrs.   Bessie   C. 
Soper,  Robert  C. 
Soule,  Hannah. 
Soule,  Mrs.  Hannah. 
Soule,  Martha  M. 
Soule,  Martha  N. 
Soule,  Thomas   H.,  Jr. 
Sparks,  George  Q.  (In  Memo- 

riam.) 
Sparks,  Seriah  H. 
Sparks,  T.  W. 
Sparks,  Thomas  W. 
Sparrow,  Benjamin  C. 

304 


APPENDIX 


Sparrow,  Charles  E. 
Sparrow,  Isaac  P. 
Sparrow,  J.  Anna. 
Sparrow,  J.  William. 
Sparrow,  Mary  E. 
Sparrow,  Mrs,  Mary  E. 
Sparrow,  Mary  Otis. 
Sparrow,  Susan  F. 
Sparrow,  W.  C. 
Spinney,  Capt.  Leslie  A. 
Spinney,  Mrs.  L.  A. 
Sprague,  A.  A. 
Sprague,  Mrs.  A.  A. 
Sprague,  Anna  Osgood. 
Sprague,  Caleb  G. 
Sprague,  Mrs.  Caleb  G. 
Sprague,  Francis  W. 
Stafford,  George  L. 
Stafford,  George  L. 
Stafford,  H.  H. 
Standish,  George  W. 
Standish,  George  W. 
Standish,  Mrs.  George  W. 
Standish,  Dr.  Myles. 
Stanford,  Charles  D. 
Stanford,  David  C. 
Stanford,  Miss  Gertrude. 
Stanford,   Mrs.   Josiah. 
Stanford,  Mrs.  Josiah  Winslow. 
Stedman,  E.  C. 
Steele,  Bradley. 
Steele,  Mrs.  Bradley. 
Sterling,  Mrs.  William  B. 
Stetson,  W.  N. 
Stevens,   Charles   B. 
Stevens,  Charles  O. 


Stevens,  Joseph. 

Stimson,  Mrs.  Eusebia  Craven. 

St.  John,  R. 

Stocker,  David. 

Stocker,  Miss  Mary  E. 

Stockwell,   Charles    P. 

Stockwell,  Miss  Doris. 

Stowell,  Amelia  E. 

Stubbs,  John  W. 

Studley,  Harry  G. 

Studley,  Matthew. 

Stull,  David  C. 

Sullivan,  C.  H. 

Sumner,  Enoch  N.  (In  Memo- 

riam.) 
Sumner,  Mrs.  Sophronia  D. 
Swan,   Robert  T. 
Swartwout,  Edith  Lillian. 
Sweet,  Charles  W. 
Sweet,  Miss  Lucy  Carpenter. 
Swett,  John. 
Smith,  Amasa. 
Swift,  Mrs.  Annie  M. 
Swift,  Mrs.  Anna  M. 
Swift,  C.  W. 
Swift,  Caroline  M. 
Swift,  Charles  F. 
Swift,  Charles  F. 
Swift,  Charles  W. 
Swift,  E.  C. 
Swift,  Fred  C. 
Swift,  Freeman  R. 
Swift,  G.  F. 
Swift,  Mrs.  G.  F. 
Swift,  Mrs.  G.  F. 
Swift,  Gustavus  F. 

305 


APPENDIX 


Swift,  H.  R. 

Swift,  James   M. 

Swift,  Mrs,  Josiah. 

Swift,  John   N. 

Swift,  Mrs.  John  N. 

Swift,  Jolin  T. 

Swift,    Josiah. 

Swift,   Miss   Julia   Gross. 

Swift,  Leonard  N. 

Swift,  L.  N. 

Swift,  Mrs.  L.  N. 

Swift,  Louise  Freeman. 

Swift,  Mrs.  Louise  R. 

Swift,  Sarah  A. 

Swift,  Theodore  W. 

Swift,  T.  W. 

Swift,  Mrs.  Theodore  W. 

Sylvester,  George. 

Taber,  Martha  A. 
Taft,  Arthur  R. 
Taft,  Edward  A. 
Talcott,  Elizabeth. 
Talcott,  Mary  K. 
Talcott,  Mrs.  William  A. 
Talcott,  Mrs.  William  A. 
Tallmadge,  Frederick  S. 
Tapley,  Alice  Louise. 
Tarbox,  Elizabeth  Lord. 
Tarrant,  Capt.  Richard  G. 
Tarvis,  William. 
Taylor,  Amasa. 
Taylor,  Charles  H. 
Taylor,  Charles  H.,  Jr. 
Taylor,  Mrs.  Edith  H. 
Taylor,  Edward  Winthrop. 


Taylor,  Edwin. 

Taylor,  Edwin  F. 

Taylor,  Florence  Josephine. 

Taylor,  George  T. 

Taylor,  Mrs.   Hannah. 

Taylor,  Hannah  M. 

Taylor,  Herscy  D. 

Taylor,  Miss  Isabella. 

Taylor,  J.  R. 

Taylor,  Mrs.  Luther. 

Taylor,  Marion  J.  W. 

Taylor,  Marion  Winthrop. 

Taylor,  Seth. 

Taylor,  Simeon. 

Taylor,  Thomas   P. 

Taylor,  Capt.  Thomas  S. 

Taylor,  Mrs.  Thomas  S. 

Taylor,  Thomas  W. 

Teal,  Gardner  C, 

Temple,  Rev.  W.  H.  G. 

Terra,  M.  C. 

Terry,  George  E. 

Terry,  John  T, 

Terry,  John  Taylor,  Jr. 

Terry,    Rev.    Roderick,   D.D. 

Thacher,  Catherine. 

Thacher,  Edwin. 

Thacher,  Mrs.  Fannie. 

Thacher,  Frank. 

Thacher,  Mrs.  George  T, 

Thacher,  G.  R. 

Thacher,  Mrs.  G.  R. 

Thacher,  H.  C. 

Thacher,  H.  C. 

Thacher,  Mrs.  Henry  C. 

Thacher,  T.  C. 


306 


APPENDIX 


Thayer,  Bayard. 
Thayer,  Mrs.  Bayard. 
Thayer,  J.  B. 
Thompson,  Adaline. 
Thompson,  A.  C. 
Thompson,  Albert  C. 
Thompson,  Miss  Caroline  H. 
Thompson,   Rev.   George  O. 
Thompson,  John  G. 
Thompson,  John  G. 
Thompson,  H.  B. 
Thompson,  Mrs.  Marcia  A. 
Thompson,  Marcia  N. 
Thompson,  Mr.  Norman  F. 
Thorndike,  Mrs.  Cora  N. 
Thorndike,  Miss  Louise. 
Thornton,  Dr.  M.  Frances. 
Thorndike,  Augustus   L. 
Tilley,  Ellis. 
Tilley,  Mrs.  Ellis. 
Tillinghast,  C.  B. 
Tillson,  E.  H. 
Tillson,  Mrs.  Martha  A 
Tobey,  Frank  Bassett. 
Tobey,  F.  B. 
Tobey,  Frank  H. 
Tobey,  Gerard  C. 
Tobey,  Horace  P. 
Tobey,  Joshua  F. 
Tobey,  W.  D. 
True,  Herbert  Osgood. 
Truman,  Henry  H. 
Truro,  Town  of 
Tubman,  Etta  A. 
Tubman,  Henriette. 
Tubman,  William  H. 


Tubman,  William  S. 
Tuck,  Mary  L. 
Tufts,  Capt.  Frank. 
Tufts,  Walter. 
Turner,  Abbie  R. 
Turner,  Willard  W. 
Tuttle,  Mrs.  Edward  A. 
Tuttle,  Mrs.  William  H. 

Underwood,  Miss  Florence  M. 
Underwood,  Mrs.  Francis  A. 
Underwood,  Miss  Helen. 
Underwood,  Miss   Mary. 
Underwood,  Mrs.  P.  L. 
Upham,  E.  S. 

Valentine,  Josephine  M. 
Van  Beuren,  Mrs.  L.  A. 
Van  Dolah,  James. 
Varney,  Mrs.  Clarrissa  C. 
Verge,  Miss  Hannah. 
Viles,  Mrs.  Anna  Underwood. 
Vining,  Miss  Floretta. 
Vinton,  Dr.  Charles  Harrod. 

Wagner,  Herman  A. 
Waite,  Conrad  W. 
Wakeman,  Mrs.  Florence  A.  F. 
Wallace,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  B. 
Walter,  Sarah  J. 
Wanger,  Irving  P. 
Ward,  Rev.  William  I. 
Warehaml,  William  M. 
Warren,  Dr.  William  F. 
Warren,  William  Marshall. 
Warren,  Hon.  Winslow. 

307 


APPENDIX 


Washburn,  William  N. 
Wasliburn,  Mrs.  William  N. 
Washington       Elm       Chapter, 

D.  A.  R. 
Waterhouse,  Emeline  Sutncy. 
Waterliouse,  Lucy  Carlton. 
Waterhouse,  M.  C. 
Waterhouse,   Moses   Carlton. 
Waterhouse,  Moses  Shepard. 
Waterhouse,  Richard  Bourne. 
Waterhouse,  Sarah  Kelley. 
Waterhouse,   Sarah   Louise. 
Waterman,  Marcus. 
Watson,  Mrs.   Clara  L. 
Watson,  George  W. 
Watson,  John  M. 
Watson,  Lucy  Carlile. 
Weaver,  Mrs.  S.  J. 
Webb,  Miss  Bessie. 
Weeks,  Alphonso  L. 
Weeks,  Edward  O. 
Weeks,  W.  B.  P. 
Welch,  Mrs.  C.  C. 
Welch,  Lucy  M. 
Wellfleet,  Town  of. 
Welling,  Mrs.  John  C. 
Welsh,  Annie  C. 
Welsh,  Beatrice  M. 
Welsh,  Robert  A. 
Welsh,  Walter. 
Welsh,  Walter,  Jr. 
Wells,  Miss  Mary  E. 
Wells,  F. 
Wesson,  James  L. 
West,  Anna  L. 
West,  Mrs.  Elizabeth. 


West,  E.  D. 
West,  Joseph  A. 
West,  Joseph  A. 
West,  Newton  P. 
Wetmore,  George  P. 
Whaite,  Hazelle  C. 
Wheaton,  Mrs.  Charlotte  F. 
Wheeler,  Adaline  Emerson. 
Wheeler,  Mrs.  David  S. 
Wheeler,  H.  H. 
Wheeler,  Hon.   John  W. 
Wheeler,  Marion  S. 
Wheldon,  Chester  H. 
Wheldon,  Mrs.  Chester  H. 
Whelden,  Miss  Martha  Lee. 
Whitaker,  George  M. 
Whitaker,  Rev.,  Dr. 
Whitcomb,  Elsie  Wads  worth. 
Whitcomb,  Florence  M. 
Whitcomb,  Joseph. 
Whitcomb,  Joseph  Warren. 
Whitcomb,  Levenia  C. 
Whitcomb,  Susan  C. 
White,  Alfred  T. 
White,  Mrs.  B.  Loring. 
White,  Henry  G. 
White,  Joseph  H. 
White,  Mrs.  Joseph  H. 
White,  Lydia  Stevens. 
White,  M.  A. 
White,  Miss  Mary  E. 
White,  Prentiss  W. 
Whitman,  C.  J. 
Whitman,  D.  H. 
Whitney,  Isaiah. 
Whitney,  Isaiah. 


308 


APPENDIX 


Whittlesey,  Mrs.  George  D. 

Whorf,  Amos  T. 

Whorf,  Benjamin  L. 

Whorf,  Betsey  K. 

Whorf,  Henry  S. 

Whorf,  Isaiah  A. 

Whorf,  Miss  L.  W. 

Whorf,  Stephen  C. 

Wilbar,  Chester  H. 

Wilbar,  Mrs.  Chester  H. 

Wilbar,  Leonard  G. 

Wilcox,  Miss  Carra  E. 

Wild,  Miss  Helen  T. 

Wilder,  E.  W. 

Wiles,  Alice  B. 

Wiles,  Mrs.   Mary  Adelaide. 

Wiley,  D.  F. 

Wiley,  Harriet  R. 

Williams,  A.  T. 

Williams,  Miss  Cornelia  B. 

Williams,  Eben  P. 

Williams,  Fred  E. 

Williams,  Hon.  George  Fred. 

Williams,  John  D. 

Williams,       Mrs.       Katherine 

Breed. 
Williams,  Lawrence,    Jr. 
Williams,  Myra  Alden. 
Williams,  Nina  S. 
Williams,  Samuel  C. 
Williams,  Stephen  T. 
Williams,  W.  H. 
Williams,  Wheeler. 
Williams,  William. 
Willis,  Charles  W. 
Wilmarth,  Mrs.  Mary  J. 


Wilson,  Charles  J. 
Wilson,  G.  H. 
Wilson,  Mr.  Harry  S. 
Wilson,  L.  P. 
Winan,  Charles  Deere. 
Winan,  D wight  E. 
Winan,  Mrs.  William  Dwight. 
Wing,  Daniel. 
Wing,  Rebecca. 
Wing,  Hannah  B. 
Wing,  Henry  D. 
Wing,  Henry  T. 
Wing,  William  A. 
Wing,  William  K. 
Winslow,  Bartlett  B. 
Winslow,  Mrs.   Bartlett  B. 
Winslow,  Mr.   Edward. 
Winslow,  Howard. 
Winslow,  Miss   J.   Amelia, 
Winslow,  John  M. 
Winslow,  Olive  C. 
Winslow,  S.  W. 
Winsor,  Mrs.  Louisa  May. 
Winsor,  Miss  Mary  May. 
Wippich,  Henry  A. 
Wippich,  Mrs.  Henry  A. 
Wixon,  J.  R. 
Wixon,  Mrs.  J.  R. 
Wixon,  W.  W. 
Wood,  Charles  A. 
Wood,  John  T. 
Wood,  Orlando. 
Woodward,  Dr.  J.  H. 
Woodwell,    Miss    Lucy    Eliza- 
beth. 
Woodworth,  Herbert  G. 


309 


APPENDIX 


Worth,  Mrs.  J.  E. 

Worth,  Jolm  S. 
Worthcn,  E.   P, 
Worthcn,  Edwin   P. 
VVyman,  Betsy  R. 
Wyman,  Charles  C. 


Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 
Young, 


William  N. 
William   N. 
Mrs.  William  M. 
William  H. 
Veta  L.  I. 
Roland. 
Mrs.  Paron  C. 
Paron  C. 
Owen  D. 
INIiss  Nellie. 
M.  F. 


Young,  M.   Harry. 
Young,  Lawrence. 
Young,  Lauren. 
Young,  Isaiah  C. 
Young,  Isaiah  A. 
Young,   Isaiah 
Young,  H.  H. 
Young,  Fred. 
Young,  Francis  E. 
Yoimg,  Everett  Irving. 
Young,  Mrs.  Enos  N. 
Young,  Enos  N. 
Young,  David  L. 
Young,  Mrs.  Annie  M. 
Young,  Mrs.  Alice  A.  H. 
Young,  Agnes  C. 
Young,  Mrs.   Addie  M. 
Yarmouth,  Town  of. 


THE  END 


0114 


AA    000  863180    6 


